The Peat Extraction From The Bog

At Nudgee Beach, erosion was found to have occurred on the edges of the mangrove forest and along the mudflat shorelines. Erosion is typically influenced by natural factors and occurs when pieces of weathered rock or soil are moved – typically by wind and water – from one place to another. Shorelines with lots of sediment and sand are more inclined to be effected by erosional progression. Erosion may also be provoked and accelerated by human interference. For example, if the decision to clear trees and plants from an area is made, erosion is likely to occur as the root systems of plants work to hold the soil in place. If these root systems are removed and erosion does occur, environmental conditions – such as; landslides and flooding – are more likely to take place. Erosion may also cause other plants to tip over, have their underground roots exposed and damaged and contribute to the pollution of local waters; as a result of mud and soil runoff [26]. Erosion at Nudgee Beach was likely to have been influenced by natural factors; however, the development and extension of the Kedron Brook golfing course may contribute to the acceleration of erosional processes and further damage the mangrove

The aim is to identify and associate landforms, rock types and soils to the natural environment and its plants and animals and also to investigate the history of the local environment, comprising human impacts over the last 50 years. The impact of human alterations to the environment includes increased soil erosion and changes in river flows.

Bottomland hardwoods are wetlands found along rivers and streams which sometimes flood beyond their channels into hardwood forested floodplains. These wetlands, which include forests, swamps, ponds, and water channels, are considered some of the most important habitats in Texas wildlife.

Raw gley soils are found within mineral material that has remained waterlogged since deposition (Thompson, 2007). The soils are missing a distinctive top soil and contain gleyed subsurface horizons (Avery, 1980). They also contain a mineral horizon which starts at <20cm and extends below 30cm (Avery, 1980). Jarvis (1984) also states that the soils are distinctly mottled above 40cm depth. Raw gley soil types are mostly confined to intertidal flats (Avery, 1980) or areas that represent various stages in the development of salt marshes (Thompson, 2007).

The Bosherston Lakes are man- made water bodies own by the National Trust, Stackpole National Nature Reserve and the lakes are made up of four hallow lakes (about -2.5m deep) and is formed by frowning and damming three valleys in the Carboniferous Limestone of coastal Pembrokeshire valleys in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. (Overleaf figure 1.). And Bosherston lakes is managed by the National Trust in partnership with the Country Council of Wales and have been classified under the EC Habitat Directive as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) .(Ree et al., 1991). In (figures 2 overleaf) which shows

Much of the diversity of Putney’s soils can be attributed to the movements of the Laurentide ice sheet that, 20,000 years ago, covered the region in several thousand feet of ice. As the glaciers proceeded south, they reconfigured the land’s surface layer by scraping away the existing soil. As the world’s climate warmed, the ice retreated, redepositing glacial till across the landscape. Topography played an integral role in the distribution of soil following glaciation. In the hills, this unsorted till, a collection of boulders, cobbles, gravel, sands, silt, and clay, began the slow process of pedogenisis (soil formation) as plants and animals brought life to this barren world. In the valleys, material was sorted by the water from the melting ice as it flowed down from the hills (Stewart 55). Below, in figure 1, the areas of unsorted till are represented in orange while areas of sorted sediment such as gravel, sand, outwashes,

Even though this problem seems to be unimportant it actually has a great impact on our society. As a member of this community, we should first realize the consequences of this issue. The Ridgway’s Rails are an indicator for the wetland, their population symbolizes the well-being of the marshes. If we continue to ignore this matter, our entire wetland area will also come to an end. The effect of this problem will not stop eventually, we need to bring positive changes

compresses under its own weight due to the loss the force of buoyancy. During primary subsidence, the volume of the organic component decreases, but the mass of the organics remains the same. Secondary subsidence is caused by a combination of oxidation and shrinkage. The mass and volume of the organics decreases during secondary subsidence (Ewing and Vepraskas, 2006, p. 121-122). Being able to differentiate between the two different kinds of subsidence in marshes allows for more precise methods of measurement by scientists. Primary subsidence happens before secondary subsidence, and secondary subsidence typically only occurs in the upper portion of the soil stratum, the part exposed to air. Primary subsidence reduces the volume of the soil, while the mass of the sample stays the same. Meanwhile secondary subsidence reduces the volume of the soil and reduces the mass of the soil.

For the purpose of this interview assignment, Kimberli Ponzio will be the interviewee as she has earned her B.S. degree in zoology from Florida Atlantic University in 1987 and an M.S. degree in wetlands ecology from the University of Florida in 1997. Her thesis concerned the germination of sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense). She has worked at both the South Florida and St. Johns Water Management Districts (SJWMD) for over 27 years of experience. During that time, she has been involved in wetland research and restoration in the Upper St. Johns River basin, the Kissimmee River Basin, and the Florida Everglades. Also, she is currently the President of the Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS).

The Burns Bog Ecological Conservancy Area (BBECA) is a remnant ombrotrophic raised bog ecosystem expanding for approximately 22 km2 between the south arm of the Fraser River and Boundary Bay in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia (Fig. 1). The entire remaining bog is a unique ecosystem complex of global significance due to its size and form, location on a large estuarine delta with chemistry influenced by the nearby marine environment, and flora, supporting distinctive bog vegetation communities and recognized rare and endangered plant and wildlife species (Hebda et al., 2000). The BBECA contains about 14 km2 of disturbed wetland ecosystems with previous use of peat mining, agriculture or recreation, and about 6 km2 of relatively undisturbed

Wetlands are very good at filtering out pollutants and things you do not want in your water. Without them, your water would be full of chemicals and other nutrients at high levels. This paper is intended to show how valuable wetlands are to the well-being of our environment and to the people of this county. It will reveal research methods and results. Finally, I will be making a recommendation on how to solve this problem based on the research that was done.

Cranberry Bogs had been developed on natural wetland areas. The bogs were formed around the margin of streams and ponds. Cranberries were one component of ecosystem. The commercial cultivation of the cranberry altered to the ecological diversity of the bog. The functional value of wetlands were recognized by environmental activists including physical and hydrologic properties such as flood protection, ground water recharge and erosion control, biological and biochemical functions and nutrient provision. Cranberry cultivation posed for developing wetland regulations. The cranberry was a native wetland plant. The impacts of cranberry production on the aesthetic and the intrinsic value of the wetland functions related to water quality and biodiversity. The studies undertaken by the growers and the Ocean Spray suggested that the cranberry bog was low in diversity. The cranberry growers protected large areas of land from urbanization. Cranberry Bog were the heart of a unique growing system that included wetlands, uplands, ditches, flumes, ponds and reservoirs. There were four acres of support land for every acre of cranberry bog. The entire Cranberry wetland system provided a diversity of habitat for many rare animal and plant species. Hence the government restricted the usage of bogs which were of high value to the environment. However, Cranberries had their best

Wetland soils are extremely varied. They are found from the tropics to the subarctic. They can be seasonal or year-round, freshwater or saltwater, organic or mineral. The one thing that all of them have in common is that for at least part of the year they are saturated with water. This saturation has a significant impact on the soil's physics, chemistry, and biota. However, over the past century more than half of all the wetlands in the United States has been drained for agriculture and other uses such as construction. When the soils are drained the physics, chemistry, and biota are drastically changed. This paper is an attempt to

4. Dried leaves were retrieved and weighed. The total tissue loss from initial weight before submersion until now was recorded. Class inputs data and a class mean and standard deviation of tissue loss/ day was gathered for both wetlands for each species

I decided to test the ecological status of the wetland by gathering samples from the wetland and testing it for various aspects in the water and the plants that are found within the area.