The People

A communications protocol characterizes the guidelines for sending pieces of information starting with one hub in a system then onto the next hub. Conventions are regularly characterized in a layered way and give all or part of the administrations indicated by a layer of the OSI reference show. A convention characterizes the operation of the convention and may likewise propose how the convention ought to be actualized. It comprises of three sections:

A passive RFID tag, more commonly used, is one that is not connected to a power source. These tags rely on the electromagnetic field that is generated by specific RFID tag readers to create enough electrical charge to transmit the stored data in radio waves (Venkateswara, 2011).

The research project is aimed at studying ways in which this new technology is helpful for day-to-day communication needs. It focusses on the potential benefits that can be reaped by following this standard for wireless connectivity. The cons related to it need to be understood thoroughly so that it can be improved in its coming versions so that we may progress more in the wireless communication domain. Since it is based upon Layer 1 and part of layer 2 OSI Model, it may prove further useful to connect a number of devices.

RFID tags are attached to different items to whom it is designated to as the data present in is given at the time of manufacturing. It has as space 96 bits where data can be stored and that information is just a small bit of code which can only understood by the reader. As the distance between the tag and reader increasers as the size of the tag and antenna in it also keeps on increasing. There are two types of RFID tags which are

Because one of the possible frequencies is 5.9GHz, which is used by WiFi, but it’s more accurate to say “Wi-Fi-like.” The range is up to 300 meters or 1000 feet or about 10 seconds at highway speeds (not 3 seconds as some reports say).

Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the remote utilization of electromagnetic fields to exchange information, for the reasons of consequently distinguishing and following labels joined to questions. The labels contain electronically put away data. A few labels are fueled by electromagnetic impelling from attractive fields created close to the peruse. A few sorts gather vitality from the examining radio waves and go about as a detached transponder. Different sorts have a nearby power source, for example, a battery and may work at several meters from the peruse. Not at all like a scanner tag, the tag does not so much need to be inside viewable pathway of the peruse, and may be

WiMAX consists of five scenarios supported by the network architecture of WiMAX for Microwave access:

There are total of 27 channels defined in the PHY layer. These channels are allocated into different frequency bands with varying data rates as showed in Table 1. At MAC layer, it specifies when the devices may access the channel for communication. The basic tasks provided by the MAC layer are beacon generation and synchronization, supporting PAN association and disassociation, managing channel access via Carriers Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism, and etc.

RFID or radio frequency identification is the name given to the "technology that uses radio waves to transmit data and uniquely identify an animal, person, or thing" ("radio-frequency identification," 2013). An RFID system includes a transponder including an antenna and a chip that can easily store a significant amount of data such as location details, manufacturer details and product numbers if any. There are three basic types of the RFID readers. Fixed readers with an external antenna which are often used at the entry points of the yards. Handheld readers are used by personnel moving through the yards or the space. Then there are mobile readers which are set on the moving vehicles and moving equipment for increasing accuracy and tracking the process ("Advantages of RFID in Transportation and Logistics", 2011).

Here we concentrate on solar-powered UHF RFID tags which mainly help reader independent operations like sensing, data logging, computation and other functions. One method of powering passive tag by solar energy is by giving it as a supplementary power source because it otherwise displays poor read ranges and cannot run its own circuitry. Hence necessary DC power is derived from the panels and converted to the frequency usable by the tag. This new signal is forwarded to the tag antenna which when combined with the reader signal would increase the read range. (Ferdous, Reza, & Siddiqui, 2016)

A passive RFID tag has no on-board power source. But they are passively powered by the energy from the electromagnetic field of the RFID reader. The antenna present in the passive tag converts the energy from electromagnetic field of the reader into an RF wave that is transmitted into the coverage zone of the reader.

Conventional passive RFID tags contain no internal power source, but instead harvest power from the RF signal transmitted by the RFID reader system. RFID readers provide sufficient power in the transmitted RF carrier signal to energize the tag circuitry through the coupled tag antenna. For a high frequency RFID system, for example, the wavelength of the 13.56-MHz carrier is 22.12 m. The typical parallel resonant circuit of a tag antenna comprises the inductance, resistance, and capacitance of the antenna loop (see Fig. 5) with resonant frequency. Frequency = ଵ ଶπ√ሺ L_ଶ∗Cሻ

For more information on how RFID work, please refer to Cytron’s DIY project PR8 at www.cytron.co.my

Service zones: Service zones are the areas where the network is available. This is a feature which allows the airport authority to

Communication of data between tags and a reader is by wireless communication. Two methods distinguish and categories RFID systems, one based upon close proximity electromagnetic or inductive coupling and one based upon propagating