Similarities Between The Roman Catholic Church Between 1300 And 1450

Through the study of the records of courts, both secular and ecclesiastical, which exists in thousands of European and American archives and libraries, a patient and careful researcher can reconstruct particular images of “the world we have lost” and of the people who inhabited that world. From this vast, largely untapped repository of judicial records, Gene Brucker uses the notarial protocols of Ser Filippo Mazzei, which contains the transcripts of the litigation in the archiepiscopal court and the catasto records, which provides information about Florentine households, to piece together the dossier of Giovanni and Lusanna. The story of Giovanni and Lusanna explores the love and marriage in renaissance Florence and uncovers the gradation of the city’s social hierarchy and the role of women in society.

The Church was the absolute most predominant foundation in medieval life, its impact invading practically every part of individuals’ lives. Its religious observances often shape to the plan; its customs checked every minute in a person 's life; and its lessons supported standard convictions about morals, the significance of life and existence. Church in Western Europe was recognized as the Roman Catholic Church went from the religion of the Roman Empire to the official religion and the most powerful institution of the Middle Ages. All of Europe had been converted to Christianity by the year 1000. Although this process was peaceful at times but other times it got downright ugly.

Not only did the Christian Church hold importance but it also held authority. Document 11 describes the power of the Catholic Inquisition. In attempting to try a man for heresy, they killed him by means of torture. Not only did they have the judging authority, but they could kill men without consequence. The greatest minds of Western Europe were captivated by Christianity as well. Document 13 describes Thomas Aquinas, one of the best thinkers of the Christian postclassical world, in his use of science to try to determine the right and Christian relationship between men and women. In every aspect of Western Europe, Christianity was a defining characteristic.

As the tenth century rolled about, the power of the Roman Catholic Church grew steadily stronger, the church had an argument with the normal Kingdom over who should rule supreme out of the Pope or the King, the church believed that the Pope who is the voice of God on Earth should be the ruler of the world while the peasants thought that the King should, the power struggle eventually ended with the Church coming out as the dominant force in the West. The Church passed a law that stated that everyone (mostly peasants) is forced to pay 10% of their income to the Church. The church had the ability to stop any laws that they did not like or make some new laws that benefited them, they were a very powerful group that could manipulate the peasants and knights in any way they liked, in Church there were photos of people being tortured in hell, this intensified the peoples longing for heaven and therefore extended the power and influence of the church. All Christians were expected to attend the mass and, by the 13th century, were expected to take the Eucharist at least once a year.

When analyzing the document, the use of allusion becomes a key aspect throughout the many rhetorical strategies. First, considering that the charges against Joan are that of heretic, references to the Bible by The Inquisitor cause the “Holy Court” to experience a moral reflection. The Inquisitor does this by stating, “You are all, I hope merciful men: how else could you have devoted your lives to the service of our gentle Savior?” In the previous quote, the speaker takes on a tone of a sycophant in order to instill how important the court members are, how “merciful.” Also, the quote contains an allusion to the Bible, to God, evoking the feeling to the audience of the momentous importance, not only of the court members occupations, but of the decision which they will soon be forced to make concerning a “gentle and pious girl.” This is said in hopes for the men judging her to reconsider their decisions.

Towards the end of the Middle Ages and into the duration of the Renaissance, the Medieval Church’s social and political power dwindled. Centuries prior the Catholic Church gained a surplus of control, largely due to the stability it maintained during the chaotic breakdown of the Western Roman Empire . Yet toward the end of the Middle Ages the Church set in motion factors that would ultimately lead to its downfall as the definitive figure of authority. However, despite political and social controversy surrounding the church, the institutions it established cleared a path for a new way of thinking, shaping society in an enduring way.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, there was no main dominating force in Europe to enforce laws and protection for the people. The Middle Ages had begun and without the Romans, life became centered around survival. The destabilization caused rates of illiteracy, disease, and deaths to rise dramatically and to remedy the average peasants worry, the feudalism system flourished and required work in exchange for the safety of manors. Yet while there was not a overlooking empire to look towards for authority, the Catholic Church served its role to bring all classes together (Document 6). The Middle Ages will be ultimately known as an age of faith because of the prevalence of violence, power of religion, and the Catholic Church’s preservation of knowledge.

One of the many challenges to traditional authority was evident in a passage written by Guibert of Nogent, which explained his view of the riots and brutality of the citizens of Laon against their bishop. The citizens lashed out at their bishop because they were tired of paying for taxes, which were to be paid every year to their lords, also fines were increased if the person done an illegal act. This passage showed a challenge to traditional authority by the citizens acting against their bishop and taking charge because they wanted more control in their government (ch. 5, rd. 2, pp. 176-177). The commune, which was the organization of people that attacked the bishop, expanded the economy in the central Middle Ages by the people of the town having to pay fines that were determined by the law to the bishop of Laon for their illegal acts. The paying of fines by the citizens put money into the hands of the church, which in turn filled the churches pockets with wealth, which in turn put wealth into the economy (ch. 5, rd. 2, p. 176). The wealth of the bishop boosted the economy because the bishop was the government of the town (ch. 5, rd. 2,

Throughout the book of The Return of Martin Guerre, Davis makes several claims and accusation against Bertrande that she clearly cannot back up with history facts. Her assumption that Bertrande knew that Arnaud du Tilh was not her husband the entire time and that “either by explicit or trait agreement, she helped him become her husband” (Davis, 44) cannot be proved with historical content. Davis’ hypotheses is based off of her invention, which is a product of her assertions and reasoning of her perception based off of her research. Although her perception is plausible, there is no hard evidence to back up her claim. Finlay’s response to Davis’ book clearly addresses several concerns he finds with Davis’ “invention.” Finlay signifies his perception of Davis’s book by claiming that she

The time period between 1450 A.D. and 1750 A.D. is referred to by historians as the Early Modern time period. The Age of Exploration was in full swing and the world became truly linked for the first time in history. In this time period the leading powers in western Europe were countries ruled by Monarchs, like France, Spain, and England. England's Monarch during this time was Queen Elizabeth the first. Under her rule, the renaissance in England was in full bloom.

The Inquisitor's discourse in Saint Joan is a voice of influence, it arrives to persuade the gathering of people, French pastors, of her assumed "blasphemy". Through expository claim, the Inquisitor figures out how to make the picture of a useless, terrible animal set up of Joan, while permitting the ministers to feel that it is worthy to denounce her spirit. Through logos, ethos, and emotion, the Inquisitor shows a steady and coherent contention against Joan.

The Christian religions rise to supremacy in the middle ages was the result of several factors. Christians had long been persecuted by the Roman Empire because the Romans felt that Christianity challenged and offended the Greco-Roman Gods and the Christians were prone to revolt against Roman rule. Christianity survived because it had many teachings that appealed to the downtrodden in Roman society, these teachings being that even though they were suffering they would gain equality and possibly superiority in the next life, Christianity gave them hope.

The Religious Reformation was one of the most influential time periods of European history. Not only did it give way to some of the most popular religions of the present day, but it also helped many Europeans realize that the word of the Roman Catholic Church was not the end-all-be-all. Because of the Religious Reformation, new forms of thought began to emerge and many of the Roman Catholic empire’s standards were questioned and revolted upon. While there were many reasons for the Religious Reformation to occur, there are three main causes that helped proliferate it around European society. The Religious Reformation was caused by the Roman Catholic Church’s strict views on penance, the degree of control that the Roman Catholic Church deemed

In response to the formulary, a schism developed among the nuns: those who wanted to sign it with Antoine Arnauld’s right/fact distinction, a clause which denounced the condemned doctrine with “heart and mouth” but requested the signer’s right to remain silent on the issue of whether or not the five propositions and the heretical doctrine in question appeared in Jansen’s text, signing a distinction that would more openly defend Jansen, or not signing it at all. One issue with Arnauld’s mandement was that some of the nuns were incapable of understanding it; Angélique de Saint-Jean wrote to Antoine Arnauld, “. . . il se trouve toûjours que ces personnes dont j’ai parlé font souvent difficulte de les signer, sous pretexte qu’elles n’ont pas vû toutes les choses qu’on y rapporte, qui font d’ordinaire les entretiens qu’on a & les oppositions que l’on fait dans les rencontres . . .” Despite the fact that there were nuns who understood the mandement, they could not explain its obscurities to those who were truly ignorant because, according to Kostroun, “educating some of these nuns would not only be a hopeless cause because of their lack of intelligence but it would also force the convent to contradict what it had maintained all along, which is that the nuns never talked about the Jansenist debates . .

At the turn of the 15th century, the conditions in Europe went from plague, a smaller population, a lack of knowledge, and provincial learning to economic prosperity, enlightenment, and centralized power that was brought about by the renaissance and the new monarchs. The first condition in Europe that led to exploration was the Renaissance. The Renaissance was the revival of classical art and studies of Ancient Greece and Rome. What began first in Italy spread throughout Europe, and inspired creative thinking. This was a push factor because the maps of ancient geographers and work of Arab scholars motivated Europeans to learn more about the world and lands that existed besides Europe.