The Physics Of Atomic Force Microscopy

Of the alcohols tested 1-Butanol was found to contain the strongest intermolecular forces (IMF) of attraction, with Methanol containing the weakest. It was discovered through experimentation that Methanol induced the highest ?T of all alcohols tested, and that conversely 1-Butanol induced the lowest ?T. The atomic structure of all four alcohols is very similar, as starting with 1-Butanol a CH2 group is lost as you move from 1-Butanol to 1-Propanol to Ethanol and then again to Methanol. Each structure is fairly linear and contains an H-bond with Oxygen, so the real change is found in the loss of the CH2 group, this lowers the liquid’s Molecular Mass, thus lowering the London forces as you move from 1-Butanol through

Identify which instrument was used to obtain the image and outline how the image was produced.

6. A spectrophotometer would definitely be useful in experiments involving the measurement of concentration that produces color, since the color absorbance can be used to find concentration. One experiment involving a spectrophotometer could be finding the molarity of a blue Copper(II) sulfate solution. The wavelength could be set to red, and then the absorbance values can be correlated to the molarity of Copper(II)

It was then during the 1950’s that Zacharias Jansen and his father, Han Jansen, created the first high-powered compound light microscope. Images could be magnified up to 9x which was a novel feat at that time. Zacharias and his father created the device after experimenting with glasses and discovered that by placing multiple lens in a tube they could increase magnification. Unfortunately, the microscope lacked the high resolution we have come to expect in modern-day light microscopes. The images produced by the Hans’ primitive microscope was extremely blurry and had limited

First, we discovered that we should start with low power objective to observe. To focus the image, use the coarse adjustment knob to adjust it. When looking at high power objectives, the fine adjustment knob can be used. Also we discovered that when you move the slide towards you, it appears to move away. When observing the letter “e”, we discovered that the images observed under the light are inverted and reversed. Although we could not easily tell with the feather, threads, and potato, it became noticeable with the letter “e”. The “e” was placed like “e”, however when looked into the eyepiece, the “e” was upside down. This shows that the microscopes works in an inverted way. We also discovered that to adjust the amount of light entering the microscope, we could use the iris lever to adjust the diaphragm. For example, the white thread required little light to see the cotton fibers, compared to the feather or letter “e”. Therefore, we learned that by altering the diaphragm, we can fix many of the problems associated with the observations. Lastly, we discovered that only one depth can be seen clearly at a time under high power. When working with the crossed strands of thread, we had to turn the fine wheel adjustment back and forth while looking through the microscope to focus one strand. All in all, the lab supported the purpose. We were able to identify,function the parts of a light microscope, and prepare a wet mount(of a feather, letter “e”, black and white thread, and a potato). Furthermore, we located objects using high and low power objectives, adjusted the diaphragm to attain correct lighting, and used stains for an easier and more detailed

The purpose of this lab is to use chemical and physical properties to identify a material. We are working on observing, inferring and predicting. We are learning if the properties of materials that appear similar can be used to tell them apart.

The first of these three methods is microscopy, used most notably by Walter C. McCrone. As defined by McCrone, microscopy is “the use of any tool or technique that allows us to identify microscopic objects.” This includes the use of the light microscope as well as more advanced types of microscopes such as the electron microscope and x-ray diffraction (McCrone 1976, p. 676 A). McCrone's methods using microscopy were desirable because they allow observations to be made on small samples so that no visible damage is done to the item being tested. When testing the Vinland Map, McCrone used a small needle with rubber cement on the tip to pick up ink particles. Particles were then observed, first using an optical stereo microscope, and then observed more closely with a series of more advanced microscopic techniques such as the electron microscope and x-ray diffraction (McCrone 1976).

The digital microscope Keyence VHX-5000 is a method, which is easy to handle and supports research with high-resolution images and the calculation of 3D-surface-models. Several functions make it easy and quick to work with: The 3D-function also allows clear 2D images of a rough surface, because all levels are focused automatically and a sharp image of all levels will be created. This function makes it easy to analyse deep cuts, which can be only partially focused in light microscopy or electron microscopy. To calculate a 3D- surface-model the lower and upper border of the depth of interest has to be determined, by focusing on these levels. Between these borders a level difference of five microns were chosen. In other words, after every scan the lens moves five microns from the sample away.

What we consider the modern microscope can be traced back to Holland in the 1590s. Hans and Zacharis Jensen, a father and son team of spectacles makers, are usually listed as the original inventors. Their microscope was simple by today’s standards; it included three sliding tubes with lens at both ends that opened up to eighteen inches when fully extended. The magnification power was generally considered to be about nine times. Even though the objects were magnified, they were blurry. Croft, the author of Under the Microscope: A Brief History of Microscopy, explains that the early devices had severe chromatic aberrations, which consist of color halos surrounding the object making clear viewing problematic. Over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries vast improvements occurred in the field of microscopy including magnification, size, and clarity. Microscopes were to become more portable, and less expensive allowing them to become a instrument commonly found in drawing

In 1683 photographic cameras were a development of the camera obscura. The camera obscura is Latin for dark room, it also goes back to Ancient Greece where Aristotle saw how light passed through the small hole into a dark room and produces an image. The camera obscura is a device that consists of a box or room with a hole on one side and light passes through and hits a surface inside were the light is reproduced with color, then the image can be projected onto paper. French scientist Joseph Nicephore Niepce was the first to ever take a photo in 1826. The image he took was the view from an upstairs window at his estate in Saint- Loup- de- Varennes France. The picture he took shows parts of the build and the surrounding countryside of the estate. Niepce perfectly captured the scene with the camera obscura by focusing it onto a 16.2 cm by 20.2 cm pewter. A pewter is a workable metal mixture consisting of 85 to 99% of tin along with

In order to explore novel physical properties and phenomena and realize potential applications of nanostructures and nanomaterials, the ability to fabricate and process nanomaterials and nanostructures is the first corner stone in nanotechnology. There exist a number of methods to synthesize the nanomaterials, which are categorized in two techniques “top down and bottom up”. Solid state route, ball milling comes in the category of top down approach, while wet chemical routes like sol-gel, co-precipitation, etc. come in the category of bottom up approach. Secondly, characterization of nanomaterials is necessary to analyze their various properties. Therefore, this chapter describes the various methods of synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials. Characterization techniques include XRD, SEM, TEM, EDAX, UV-Visible spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, etc.

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was one of the first people to create a photograph using camera obscura. Niépce had a breakthrough when he created a permanent image by exposing pewter plates to a camera picture then using vapors from heated iodine crystals to correct the contrast. He created the first heliograph named "View from the Window at Le Gras after expirimenting with lithography.

His process was then patented in 1841. The basic steps for developing a Calotype included using a silver chloride coated paper in a “mousetrap” camera, small camera. This was smaller than the previous Daguerreotype process. Once the paper was in the camera it was exposed for about 1-3 minutes. After the exposure, it was then dipped in water and then dipped in potassium bromide, after that it was then washed with water and dried. This process was used to take nude photos at the time, however that did not last very long due to the bad reviews on them, claiming them to explicit. This process was also used to take post mortem photos as well as landscape and architectural

He split the light of flames into its own wavelengths, by using a prism and discovered that every element emits a different mix of wavelengths that can be used as a identifier, just like fingerprints.

These to scientists used their knowledge of crystal structures and behavior they first described the piezoelectric effect. For this purpose they used many crystals such as quartz, cane sugar, topaz , tourmaline, and Rochelle salt. As per their analysis Quartz and Rochelle salts shown the piezoelectric effect at the time.