The Physiological Effects And Prognosis Of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Normally, the thyroid gets its production orders through another chemical called thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), released by the pituitary gland in the brain. But in Graves' disease, a malfunction in the body's immune system releases abnormal antibodies that mimic TSH. Spurred by these false signals to produce, the thyroid's hormone factories work overtime and exceed their normal quota.

The thyroid gland is found in the front of the neck and produces two main hormones. The hormones are called thuroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3). Together these hormones regulate the body’s metabolism by increasing energy use in cells, regulate growth and development, help to maintain body temperature and aid in oxygen consumption. These two hormones are regulated by hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus senses changes in body’s metabolic rate and releases a hormone known as thyropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This hormone then flows through connecting vessels to the pituitary gland which signals it to release another hormone. This hormone is known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH then makes

Some women have thyroid problems for the first year after having a baby, although majority of the problem tends to go away after time it has been researched that “as many as 20% of these women will develop Hashimoto’s years later.”(3) As well excessive iodine and radiation exposure can play a role in helping with thyroid diseases that can eventually lean towards Hashimoto’s in the future. Hashimoto’s can take years to develop and can be associated with many conditions such as diabetes mellitus type1, autoimmune adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease), atrophic body gastritis and many more. It is prevalent that in majority of the cases of Hashimoto’s the person has already had some type of encounter with a thyroid problem rather it be hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, the problem never really went away it just evolved in time into

Hyperparathyroidism is an excess of parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream due to overactivity of one or more of the body's four parathyroid glands. These glands are about the size of a grain of rice and are located in your neck. The parathyroid glands make parathyroid hormone, which helps sustain a suitable balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for good functioning. Two types of hyperparathyroidism exist. In primary hyperparathyroidism, an increase of one or more of the parathyroid glands causes overproduction of the hormone, developing in high levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia), which can cause a variety of health problems. Surgery is the most common treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism. Secondary hyperparathyroidism happens as a result of additional disease that primarily causes low levels of calcium in the body and over time, increased

An 18-year-old woman presented with persistent bilateral lactation, excess body weight with leg swelling and unbalanced gait, and recurrent hypercalcemia. Patient experienced increasingly frequent headaches and visual field changes. Developed panhypopituitarism and central diabetes insipidus (DI) after going through with transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary macroadenoma. Patient was treated with levothyroxine (T4) for secondary hypothyroidism. She received other hormone replacement therapy, including desmopressin acetate, conjugated estrogen, growth hormone, and bromocriptine. She developed recurrent kidney stones and diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism. She was also found to have multiple thyroid nodules and underwent a 4-gland

Hypothyroidism is a lack of activity in the Thyroid (the Endocrine gland), which is located in the neck. Because it is a part of the Endocrine gland, it plays a major role in the hormonal system; which may cause complications with the pituitary (located in the brain), the ovaries or the testes.

Parathyroid: These developes in the parathyroid gland, they can lead to a condition of primary

Thyroid hormone plays a critical role during pregnancy both in the development of a healthy baby and in maintaining the health of the mother. During pregnancy, a mother can experience hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or a mixture of both as in this case. Thyroid disease is a disorder that results when the thyroid gland produces more or less thyroid hormone than the body needs. Pregnancy causes normal changes in thyroid function but can also lead to thyroid disease. Hyperthyroidism is typically cause by an autoimmune disorder called Graves’ disease which causes the body to attack its own cells and organs. These antibodies that the mother produces can move across the placenta and into to the baby’s

Hyperparathyroidism is when the levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the bloodstream are above normal.

The parathyroid glands are right behind your thyroid gland in your neck. These glands help your body control the calcium level in the blood.

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare form of endocrine malignancy accounting for only a small minority of cancer cases. Due to the rarity of this cancer, there are no generalized guidelines for its management; however, surgery remains to be the mainstay therapy. The purpose of this article is to review and summarize the available literature on parathyroid carcinoma, while discussing proposed staging systems and the role of available adjuvant therapies.

Chronic diseases such as hyperthyroidism can be debilitating if not managed well. Hyperthyroidism is an overactive thyroid gland that secrets too much hormones throughout the body causing many different clinical manifestations within all systems. The thyroid gland is located right underneath the larynx also known as the voice box, and straddling the windpipe.

It is important during a thyroidectomy to understand and recognize the parathyroid glands to keep for an unintentional removal. One of the most common complications after a thyroidectomy surgery is parathyroid failure. The major problem with this is that it could cause hypocalcemia because the thyroid and parathyroid gland are needed for the balance of the blood calcium level. During the discussion and planning of surgery, a test should be required to locate the parathyroid glands, this will lower the risk for an accidental parathyroidectomy. The individuals working the case for this surgery should count and recheck the number of parathyroid glands, there should be at least four if patient has not had any previous surgeries, this is to avoid and unplanned parathyroidectomy.

Smith, a 32 years old pregnant women, is diagnosed with Grave’s disease in her first trimester. According to Alamdari et al. (2013), Bothmethimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) may be used during pregnancy. However, Mrs. Smith should be started on PTU because it is recommended as the first-line drug for treatment of hyperthyroidism during the first trimester of pregnancy. Methimazole (MMI) should be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy because MMI is associated with congenital abnormalities in the fetus that occur during the first trimester organogenesis. After the first trimester, Mrs. Smith should switch to MMI because PTU increases the risk of hepatotoxicity in either the mother or the fetus. Therefore, it is recommended that pregnant women on PTU have liver function tests done every 3 to 4 weeks to screen for any potential liver disease or disorder (p. 3-4). In addition, both PTU and MMI can cross the placenta, which can potentially affect fetal thyroid function. Therefore, it is important to prescribe appropriate doses of anti-doses to prevent fetal hypothyroidism with or without goiter (Azizi & Amouzegar, 2011, p.

The thyroid gland is responsible for creating the hormones which are located in front of the neck below the voice box. Condition in which thyroid gland is not able to produce sufficient thyroid hormones named thyroxin is called Hypothyroidism. Without thyroid hormones many functions of the body become slow.