The Physiological Effects of Renovascular Hypertension (Renal Hypertension) on the Body

Consequently, the efferent arteriole, which filters blood away from the glomerulus, is tinier in diameter than the afferent arteriole, which carries blood into each glomerulus. This puts blood under high pressure in the glomerulus; thus it forces tiny molecules and liquid out of the capillary and into the Bowman’s capsule. Soon afterwards, the tiny and liquid molecules cross the epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule, the basement membrane and capillary wall in order to get into the Bowman’s capsule and to arrive in the nephron tubules. The consequence of this is that the filtrate (the tiny and liquid molecules) pass along the remainder of the nephron and helpful substances are reabsorbed along the route. Last of all, “the filtrate flows through the collecting duct and passes out of the kidney along the ureter” as mentioned by (Parson’s, R: p128).

The blood vessels that supply the kidneys become harder which makes the kidneys clear blood slowly.

Angiotensin II stimulates blood flow by increasing a person's arterial blood pressure. High blood pressure destroys the glomerulus filtration by over spilling proteins. The increase in blood volume cause secretion of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone which return cause sodium and fluid to build up in the kidney. Because the patient already has poor blood flow, the ACE inhibitors cause the arterial and venous blood pressure to decrease even

The blood bypasses the vital capillary networks around the nephron. Ischemia will occur in the capillaries, in which blood supply will be reduced, thus reduced volume and pressure and cause decreased delivery of nutrients and oxygen to cells. If arteriovenous anastomosis formation is severe, tissues of the kidney will experience malnutrition and hypoxia: reduced oxygen levels in tissue (Saunders, 2007). Especially, hypoxia will greatly effect tissues, furthermore kidney functioning as oxygen is essential for cells to create energy through a fundamental process called cellular respiration. Cells will not be able to carry out activities such as repairing and transporting if cellular respiration does not occur. Vessels and ducts that have large amounts of fluid flowing through and exchanging substances continuously through their walls, experience more frequent damage. If repairing cannot keep up with the rate of damage in cells, cell function will

Whenever there is an injury occurs to the kidney, reduction of nephron number will be result from compensatory of glomerular haemodynamic changes. The remaining nephron will be undergoing a process call hypertrophy, with the increase in glomerular blood flow. Intraglomerular pressure and amount of filtrate formed by each single nephron rise. Angiotensin II being activated and cause the vasoconstrictor

When the blood pressure drops there will be less blood and oxygen to the brain. This is therefore an increase in Osmolaraty. The Hypothalamus of the patient will send signals to the posterior pituitary of the patient which in turn will release release ADH. ADH acts to insert aquaporin’s into the collecting duct, allowing water to flow out of the filtrate passively and this will stimulate the reabsorption of water therefore replacing the lost water back into the water stream and then the patient’s cells. This is the long term Mechanism. Furthermore, this will also be detected by the short term

High blood pressure. High blood pressure may result in thicker and inflexible arteries that may cause narrowing of the lumen through which the blood flows.

The pathophysiology of acute renal failure is divided in 3 different causes. Out of the 3 causes of acute renal failure pre renal is the most common. It may result in hypoperfusion and ischemia. Pre renal is caused by a sudden drop in blood pressure or renal interruption of blood flow from the kidneys from sudden severe injury or illness. Intrarenal is caused by direct damage to the kidneys either by inflammation, toxins, drugs, infection or reduced blood supply. Postrenal is a sudden obstruction of urine flow due to an enlarged prostate, kidney stones or bladder tumor or injury. The least common out of all of these is the post renal acute renal failure.

The second compensatory mechanism is increased preload via renal conservation of sodium and water that is caused by the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Increased blood volume means improved venturical filling and thus causing increased stroke volume, which increases the pressure exerted on the artery walls. Prolong increase stroke volume can overwork the heart and lead to hypertrophy. In addition, the increased extracellular volume expansion can lead to dilutional hypoproteinaemia, exacerbate third

The biology of a human body consists of multiple systems which function continuously since birth until death, and these sophisticated functions are those which kept a single human being to continue living. The examples of the systems are the excretory system, the endocrine system, and the cardiovascular system. To carry out the complex process of life, some organs have multiple functions in different, interrelated systems, and an example of these multifunctional organs is the kidney. The kidney is an appendage of the human body that works on many vital functions including the excretory system, the endocrine system, and control of body electrolyte and fluid equilibrium. When something wrong happens to the kidney, the impact will be big and the disease will be very complex due to its building structure. In this study, the discussion of the disease is facilitated by dividing them into those that affect its four parts; namely glomeruli, tubules, interstitium and blood vessels. Irrespective of whatever the causes that might take place, chronic kidney disease, more commonly abbreviated as CKD, ultimately cause damage on all four components of the kidney. This leads to the final result of end-stage renal failure (ESRF) (1).

There are two kidneys, each about the size of a fist, located on either side of the spine at the lowest level of the rib cage in the human body. Each kidney contains up to a million functioning units called nephrons (CJASN). A nephron consists of a filtering unit of tiny blood vessels called a glomerulus attached to a tubule, is a general anatomical term referring to any portion of the tubule of the nephron or of the collection duct system of the kidney (American Society of Nephrology). More specifically referring to that part of the nephron distal to the renal corpuscle and glomerulus and consisting of the proximal convoluted tubule. The loop of the nephron and the distal convoluted tubule; these tubules are lined with a simple, usually cuboidal, epithelium and they use a variety of passive and active transport mechanisms to modify the composition of the plasma filtrate derived from the renal corpuscle and glomerulus converting it into urine. When blood enters the glomerulus, it is filtered and the remaining fluid then passes along the tubule. In the tubule, chemicals and water are either added to or removed from this filtered fluid according to the body's needs, the final product being the urine we excrete (American Society of Nephrology). Kidney disease can be triggered by many factors: diabetes, high blood pressure, congenital abnormalities as well as genetics (National Kidney Foundation). Different ethnicities also have a higher rate of

is further need to explore the use of garlic as a CAM to help reduce hypertension. This paper will

Hypertension is a common and major cause of stroke and other cardiovascular diseases. It is often referred as the ‘silent killer’ because there are no symptoms in the early stages of the disease. Hypertension, if untreated, can cause damage to the arteries and to the organs that are supplied with blood by the arteries. Hypertension can originate from a lot of things such as improper diet, obesity, genetics, etc. People with hypertension can contract a stroke at any time. The chances of a stroke are very high.

These patients with resistant hypertension carry substantial risk of adverse events.5 The emergence of renal artery de-innervation may herald a novel and effective procedural option to treat these patients.6

causes depleted blood flow to the kidney and lowers the glomerular filtration rate. Pre renal