The Police Foundation Is A Foundation Advancing Policing Through Innovation And Science

Throughout the field of criminal justice, practitioners are investigating multiple different areas, each with varying degrees of importance. For example, Jerry Ratcliffe (2002) posted an article examining the effectiveness of burglary reduction methods, and whether displacement, criminals relocating to another area due to police crime-prevention efforts, was a legitimate concern when trying to reduce burglary. Investigation into this topic by practitioners is important, as burglary is one of the most commonly committed crimes in Australia, as of the most recent figures released (Australian Institute of Criminology, 2014), with over 200,000 incidents of burglary occurring in 2013. Therefore, it is important to reflect on how effective burglary reduction efforts are, and whether the theory of displacement should be considered when attempting to reduce burglary. Additionally, Robin Cameron’s book (2013) investigates the effect Australia’s foreign policy approach to the war against terror has had on domestic policy in Australia. Once again, research into this topic by practitioners is vital,

The routine activities theory is based on the concept of the crime triangle. This triangle consists of a “motivated offender a suitable target and the lack of guardianship” (Cohen & Felson, 1979). When Hot spot policing is employed its focus is directed at two of the three elements of the triangle. Those elements are the suitable target and the lack of a capable guardian (Hoover, 2014). Some of the major tenants of this perspective are geographic targeting, focused patrol, saturation patrol, and interactive programs. There are other tenants such as simple visibility and foot patrol but I will focus on the three mentioned above. Geographic targeting uses techniques which address crime based on the “hot spot” theory. Hot spots are another

Ron Clark describes situational crime prevention as ‘a pre-emptive approach that relies, not on improving society or its institutions, but simple on reducing opportunities for crime’. He identifies three features of measures aimed at situational crime prevention, firstly that they

Hot spots policing revolves around the idea that crime is focused in small problem locales, and that crime can be more efficiently reduced if police concentrate their efforts on those smaller areas (Papachristos & Hureau, 2012). By stopping crime in smaller areas, it is easy to prevent it from growing in larger parts. Activities like patrolling high crime areas and presence of law enforcement officers in the area are performed will reduced crime (Hot spots policing, 2017, What is the focus of the intervention?). “When authors calculated the overall

Kelling and Wilson’s article “Broken Windows” focuses on the importance of disorder in generating and sustaining crime that is more severe. The writers explain that disorder is not directly related to serious crime, but instead leads to increased fear as well as withdrawal from residents, which allows more serious crime to move in because of decreased levels of informal societal control. Kelling and Wilson believe that police can play a key role in disrupting this process. If they put their focus on disorder and minor crimes in neighborhoods that have not yet been overtaken by serious crime, they can help reduce fear and resident withdrawal. The promotion of advanced levels of informal social control can help people take control of their neighborhood

“Broken Windows” policing drives crime rates down. When the New York City Police Department employed this policy, “murders decreased 19 percent and car thefts fell by 15 percent in the first year” (Noble 2016).

Submitted to the Coordinating Group of: _X Crime and Justice __ Education __ Social Welfare __ Other Plans to co-register: _X No __ Yes __ Cochrane __ Other __ Maybe TITLE OF THE REVIEW Broken Windows Policing to Reduce Crime in Neighborhoods BACKGROUND Briefly describe and define the problem Crime policy scholars, primarily James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling, and practitioners, such as Los Angeles Police Chief William J. Bratton, have argued for years that when police pay attention to minor offenses—such as aggressive panhandling, prostitution, and graffiti—they can reduce fear, strengthen communities, and prevent serious crime (Bratton

It is my opinion, that Hot spot policing is a fantastic idea orf thought. Personally my worry would be that even thpough crime rate might slow down in the area disignated, that the criminals just caught on to the police coming to a particular area. So these indivuals are probaly still breaking the law just somewhere else. For example if you announce a road block, subrity check point, most of the poeple driving under the influence are going to go another route.

Cities seek to improve their position in all three of the systems of stratification – economic, social, and political (Kantor, 2013). Currently, the city is at a stand still in these three categories. With the recent media reaction to the crimes, the social aspect of the city is damaged in the south end of the city with fear of crime, Residents in this area are becoming more reluctant to go outside and congregate with others due to the recent headlines of big crimes. The economic aspect of the city is affected in the suburban areas of these crimes. Homes that are up for sale may now take even longer to sell due to recent headlines. Politically, the Chief of Police now has questions to answer as to his approach from here on out with patrol strategies in the south end of the city. Esther Hyatt stated in his article, “Crime has plummeted from synergistic improvements in public safety with input from law enforcement, community agencies, residents, elected officials, and media partners (Hyatt, 2011).” The chief may look to these strategies by taking advantage of the publicity for patrol

The results of this experiment was the reduction of 53 violent crimes comprises a reduction of 90 crimes in the targeted area, which was offset by a 37 offense increase occurring in the displacement areas immediately surrounding target areas (Ratcliffe,

POP policy are highly focused programs that try to eliminate the problem by getting to the root cause. However, I think an extra step need to be implemented and that is Hot spot policing. The areas in question are supposedly high crime areas so why not focus on these hotspots. Hot spot policing increases police efficiency in a number of ways. It concentrates the departments attention to the area were crime is mostly likely to occur. It establishes a visible precede. What makes it more effective than the stagey already in place is it provides officer with a means to solve the root cause of the problem through problem solving efforts. Rather than what they are doing now which is focused on the strict implementation of enforcement. Using their

Displacement is the response of offenders to the crime prevention strategies, especially the ones that block criminal opportunities (Barr and Pease, 1990; Eck, 1993). Besides the most intelligible displacement, the change in the location of crimes (spatial displacement), researchers proposed five other types of displacements, which are: temporal displacement, target (victim) displacement, method displacement, crime type displacement, and perpetrator (offender) displacement (Reppetto, 1976; Garbor, 1990; Barr and Pease, 1990; Eck, 1993). Table 1 shows these six forms of displacements and their distinctions, as well as examples.

Police can spend extra time in the areas at risk for crime, the thinking goes, and prevent those

Evidence suggests that this is not the case. To the extent to which displacement processes take place as a matter of course, as offenders choose crimes, locations, methods for their offending, everyday situational prevention practices will of course affect the distribution of crime,Tilley, (2011). This means that those better placed to use such measures as part of their everyday life may be diverting crimes towards those less able to do so. With regard to public policy, situational measures aimed at high-rate targets and places can be expected to produce a net reduction in crime but willalso tend to redress a balance of displacement effects that have tended to advantage those most able and most likely to try reducing their own risks (Braga,

The hypothesis claims that “changes in routine activity patterns can influence crime rates by affecting the convergence in space and time of the three minimal elements of direct-contact predatory violations” and that “the absence of any one of these elements [motivated offenders, suitable targets, and the absence of suitable guardians against a violation] is sufficient to prevent the successful completion of a direct-contact predatory crime.” (1) The authors claim that controls for routine activities, therefore, are essential to maintaining order and keeping the crime rate down. They also note that and understanding of temporal and spatial relationships are key to understanding the changing crime rates. Illegal acts are events that occur in space and time and involve specific persons and/or objects. The spatio-temporal organization of everyday activities is what allows criminals to turn their criminal ideas into reality. Dispersion of activities away from the household has led to a change in the spatio-temporal relationship that increases the opportunity for crime, which in turn increases the crime rate itself.