The Political Parties Of The National Front

“The Age of liberal democracy is also the Age of nationalism” (Bernard Yack, 2003) . Throughout history, the relationship between nationalism and the emergence and proliferation of the liberal democratic state has been closely intertwined. Examples of democratic states that rose in tandem with nationalism are the French

(2013, January 01). From Jean-Marie to Marine Le Pen: Electoral Change on the Far Right. Retrieved February 13, 2017, from https://academic.oup.com/pa/article/66/1/160/1551953/ From-Jean-Marie-to-Marine-Le-Pen-Electoral-Change

The threat of large, influential socialist parties in many European democracies increase their incentive to vote. When the decision has to be made between conservative or socialist control of the government, the “consequences for redistribution of income and the scope of government are far greater than the ordinary American voter can conceive of” (Edwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry 246).

In the attempts to “manage the immigrant crisis” several strategic mistakes have been made, which have shaken the functioning of migration policy in the European community. Particular controversy was stirred up by a plan for the relocation of 120,000 refugees suggested in September 2015. Some months later (April/May 2016), the European Commission came up with the idea of fines for those countries which would not receive the relocated refugees. The fine for one unaccepted foreigner was supposed to be €250,000. The attempt to impose a quota of immigrants on member countries together with high fines contributed to further divisions inside the EU.

Anti-immigrant sentiment tends to arrive when waves of mass immigration occurs, the host societies believe that their jobs are being taken from them and that their standard of living is falling all because of the migrants that have come to live in the host country. Due to this anti-immigration sentiment can be seen to be a politically significant phenomenon in European societies since the second world war. Strong political opposition to immigration comes from populist-extremist parties (PEPs), they see immigration as a threat to the social and cultural cohesion of the host country. On the political spectrum most of these parties are right wing parties, somewhere between established conservative parties and openly violent and anti-democratic right wing parties. Over the past years in Europe these parties have been growing in power and during the past three waves of PEPs, they have slowly gained more and more power even though many thought they would die out. The first waves of PEPs come about after the second world war, in the immediate post war period the Sozialistiche Reichspartei party in West Germany was established however this was banned by he constitution later on. The second wave came int he 1970s with the National Front in the UK and the anti-tax parties in Scandinavia. The third wave came in the 1980s when a large number of parties emerged and have remained part of the political scene since then. This shows that anti-immigrant sentiment is politically significant in

The final defining feature of populism Barr highlights is what he describes as “linkages between citizens and politicians.” (34) Barr defines linkages as the means by which political actors and the people exchange support and influence. Types of linkages are separated into four distinct categories: clientelistic, directive, participative, and electoral. However, when seeking to define a leader as populist or not, one should look towards the electoral linkage as that can be a defining aspect of true populism. Additionally, the article describes an extremely vertical type of electoral linkage, which is a clear marker of populism: plebiscitarianism. Plebiscitarianism is an electoral linkage which, does not give the people substantial input in

As the party waits to depart they discuss the recent presidential elections in which an apparently fascist candidate, Deutscher,

The migration crisis has reached a level where Europe must take a stand and must present a viable plan, expressing the future goals the European government believes will help solves this crisis. The International Organization for Migration said, between January and November 2015 more than 750,000 migrants are predicted to arrive in Europe from across the Mediterranean. As a union, Europe is showing the world that they are not a cohesive organization prepared to face the future with respects to the mass migration. The policy concerning migration at the European Union level states that each nation has the right to their own migration policies, while adhering to the European migration institutions, which are not fully established. So far, many of the migrants coming to Europe are settling in Italy and Greece; many hope to be able to reach Germany as their final destination.

There are very rare cases in with society can see eye-to-eye on every situation, thus arguments arise and two to three viewpoints are created. France is no exception, in Brain Jenkins’ schema Order versus Movement, Reaction versus Progress, Catholicism versus Anti-clericalism, Right versus Left he sheds light on how France may be homogeneous and fragmented. Two oppose groups are thus created, the Girondins and the Jacobins. There are many differences between the Girondins and the Jacobins as each group’s viewpoint clash. Both of their conflicting viewpoints are striving for for the same end goal: to secure and foster their nation. This notion has a correlation to present day United States of America with the Democratic and Republican parties;

When trying to figure out what factor most directly leads to democratic stability, political scientists often look to institutions, which are the formal rules and informal norms that influence the political behavior of a society. Institutional design is the predominant factor to be observed in determining the stability of a democracy, and. in particular, successful democracies have electoral laws that limit the influence of extremist and minor parties. While there are different institutional manners through which democracies can limit extremist parties, such as proportional representation thresholds and winner-take-all systems, the importance of developing strong institutions to protect democracy by limiting the electoral success of extremist parties can be validated through the experiences of the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy.

It is argued that since the 2008 financial crisis there has been varying political uses of populism. Muller (2015) suggests that populism can be a result of political anxieties, either as a threat to the democratic system, or as a corrective measure for politics which are considered unrealistic for the majority of people. He argues that populists claim to represent authenticity and suggest that they are morally pure, yet not corrupt. However, Muller rejects the idea that left wing politicians can be described as populist, and argues that they must reject this label and should already be on the side of the people (pp. 80-84). Muller’s theory is contrary to some left wing politicians in Europe, who are described as populist. However, it is argued that most politicians oppose to being described as populistic, as it is traditionally seen as something which is in opposition to mainstream politics. Lauclau (2005) describes how populism is either downgraded or dismissed. He postulates that most

In order to inaugurate the analysis, we must begin by determining the nationalistic views within the Netherlands and understand the basis behind each party. The Party for freedom is a right-wing nationalist party, while the Socialist Party is a left-wing social democratic party. Within the current politics of the Netherlands, both parties control an equal number of seats with 15 being in the House of Representatives and 9 being within the

To begin with, I would like to address the opposition to my claim. David Cole of Gardner-Webb University claims political parties are beneficial to the United States because “there would be no way to connect the voter with Washington, especially in a country this large.” Sure, it may connect the voter to Washington, I’ll give him that. But what’s the use of being connected to Washington when you’re not being represented. In fact, 100% of everyone I surveyed believes the modern political landscape is not representative of all Americans. What is the use… When you only have two choices in an extremely wide spectrum of belief… There is none, unless you perfectly fall upon one of those two points

Integration Law are domestically rooted” (2007, p.24). This change of focus was due to France’s immigration policy shift to eliminate the process of automatic regularisation. One also has to prove that an immigrant has fully “integrated” into French society by adhering to the essential principles and values of the Republic. It is important to note that since the election of Francois Hollande into presidential office the focus of France’s immigration policy has dramatically changed. In 2014, Francois Hollande defended the idea of free movement towards France’s immigration policy and said that “"Foreigners are always accused of every ill, of taking French people 's jobs or unduly benefitting from social welfare even though studies show that they contribute more to social accounts than they take from them” (Samuel, 2014, p.2). Therefore, it is evident that after France’s election of Hollande into political office that their immigration integration policy is moving away from their focused approach and towards a more accepting, encompassing and free border policy that is more alike to Canada’s.

Willy Brandt once remarked:” Western Europe has only 20 or 30 more years of democracy left in it; after that it will slide under the surrounding sea of dictatorship” (Crozier, Huntington, Watanuki, 1973, 2). It would seem that democratic governments have become increasingly unable of facing “the challenges of the modern world”. Specifically, democratic European governments have become increasingly incapable to adequately represent the interests of the governed, while economic growth has also produced forces within nations that could potentially lead to the potential “regression”(Crozier, 1973, 49-50) of European states from democracy into tyranny (Crozier, 1973, 49-50).