The Positive Nervous System

Hamstring Strains (HS) are identified by acute pain in the thigh with disruption of the muscle fibres, with 47% of all HS studies stating that the BF muscle is affected (3). This can be explained because the BF muscle tendon and muscle fibres are where the most common distribution of the ground force produced during running (3). Eccentric contraction is explained by a study from Guex (4) stating that between 75-85% of the running cycle the hamstrings are undergoing an active lengthening contraction. Having this amount of eccentric contraction upon the muscles has the potential to cause an overuse injury (4). At 85% of the running cycle, the SM, ST, and BF are stretched by 8.7-12.0% which is beyond their optimum lengths (4).

O: Slow but normal gait, sitting upright on the examination table without any support, able to get up and down without any assistance on the exam table; no grimace on his face, limited lumbar spine range of motion (per TM); no muscle spasm; no impairment of NVS; no muscle atrophy noted; intact reflexes, + 5 strength to lower and upper extremities, peripheral pulses +3, sensation intact; Straight leg test was negative.

Therapeutic exercises are indicated for the same reasons of increasing strength, increasing range of motion, and promoting normal movement patterns allowing this patient to increase her endurance to ambulate, increase her ability to sit, stand, twist, and bend. Indications on this examination of continued muscular spasms throughout the joints, trigger points, adhesions, and neural compression warrants soft tissue mobilization.

Turning and ambulation after activities will be enhanced if pain is controlled or tolerable because promotes muscle relaxation.

Occupational Therapy is a growing field; one that is constantly changing as technology becomes more advanced. There are different techniques and methods used in this field, as well as the field of physical therapy, in order assist in client advancement and growth. The traditional method being discussed is Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation also known as PNF and the contemporary technique is Kinesio Taping. These techniques and methods came about for the same purpose, and that is to ultimately help both the Practitioners and of course clients they work with.

All research shows that all tests conducted and possible differences within each test still lead to similar conclusions. With two different studies that both utilized electromyography as the primary distinction of the activation of the supraspinatus during the empty can test, this can give physical therapists and patients confidence that the validity of the test is tremendously accurate. All of the electromygraphy results deemed the supraspinatus strongly isolated during this test which is a sturdy indication that the test is valid. The third study shown is best in demonstrating the reliability of the empty can test. With the results being so similar in the two clinicians testing, this shows the test to be reliable. This test could have been made even more accurate had there been more clinicians to perform the test with their results compared to each

- Trunke stability exercises have been shown to decrease the rate of recurrent hamestring injury at the first two week which most hamestring reinjured occur as well as at one-year pot intial injury. It shoulde be included in the rehablitaion programe since it act to prevent the recurancy of hamesting injury.

The monosynaptic patellar stretch reflex is used widely in research and clinical practice to characterize and appraise the functioning of the neuromuscular system4. This particular reflex is most commonly elicited with a patellar tendon tap with a hammer4. The patellar tendon sits distal to the to the patella and articulates with the tibia on the lower leg4. The presence of this reflex is generally assessed in a clinically rather then its absolute magnitude4. Observing and assessing reflexes in most individuals can identify nervous system lesions, abnormalities and pathologies5.

Static stretches are intended to improve flexibility by holding a specific movement. For the feet and calves there is the advanced plantar flexor stretch. For the knees and things there are the advanced seated knee flexor stretch and advanced kneeling knee extensor stretch. The hips can be stretch with external rotator and back extensor stretch, along with the advanced seated hip adductor stretch. The arms, wrists and hands can be stretch with the elbow and wrist flexor stretch, triceps brachii stretch, intermediate wrist extensor stretch and intermediate wrist flexor stretch. The shoulder, back and chest can be stretch with the intermediate shoulder flexor stretch, shoulder adductor, protractor and elevator stretch, along with the shoulder adductor and extensor stretch (Nelson & Kokkonen,

For shoulder flexion 61% of the variance could be accounted for by the sit-and-reach. A correlation was also found between the modified sit-and-reach test and both the shoulder extension and hip flexion tests. For shoulder extension 33% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit-and-reach and for hip flexion 22% of the variance was accounted for by the modified sit-and-reach.

Citation: Young IA, Michener LA, Cleland JA, Aguilera AJ, Snyder AR. Manual therapy, exercise, and traction for patients with cervical radiculopathy: a randomized clinical trial. Phys Ther. 2009;89(7):632-42.

Patients in Group 2 (stretch kinesiatrics group) performed repetitive joint exercises for 15 minutes, using an isokinetic dynamometer (CYBEX 6000®, Lumex Inc. Ronkonkoma, NY, USA). Before starting the stretch exercise, the seat of the isokinetic dynamometer was folded to the rear; depending on the presence or absence of hip joint flexion establishment, the patients took a position somewhere between supine and the hip joint flexion position (maximum position at 30° of flexion). Since the angular velocities of joints prevent possible muscle damage resulting from long hours of joint exercises, relatively low velocities of 30 °/sec and 60 °/sec were chosen to simulate natural joint exercises. For the bending and stretching joint exercises, four

Reliability: The reliability of this test really depends on you using the same method each time. If you warm up you must do it the same way every time you do the test as you might get a better result if you warm up for longer. Validity: Measures the flexibility of the lower back and hamstrings Strength-

Shoulder instability is commonly seen in rehabilitation settings. Many patients come in either with shoulder pain, spasticity, subluxation, decreased range of motion(ROM), stiffness, or instability. Exercise is an effective key component in achieving stability of the shoulder. Therapeutic rehabilitation relies on evidence-based practice to provide the best care to improve function and stability. The purpose of this research study was to investigate the effects of stretching and joint stabilization exercises applied to spastic shoulder joints on improving shoulder dysfunction in hemiplegic patients using three groups of hemiplegic patients (Young Youl You, Jin Gang Her, Ji-Hea Woo, Taesung Ko, & Sin Ho Chung, 2013).

The central nervous system (CNS) is that portion of the vertebrae nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system (PNS), the other major portion of the nervous system, the CNS coordinates the body's interaction with the environment. The CNS is contained within the dorsal cavity, with the brain in the cranial subcavity (the skull), and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity (within the vertebral column).