The Precaution Adaptation Process Model (PAPM)

This paper explores Pneumonia and the respiratory disease process associated with bacterial and viral pathogens most commonly located in the lung. The paper examines the process, symptoms and treatments most commonly viewed in patient cases of Pneumonia. My goal is to educate the reader and to warn of the

Patient J.B. presented the office with chief complaints of coughs and sore throat that lasted about seven days. These symptoms are typically seen in respiratory tract infection or inflammation that is caused by viruses or bacteria. The initial differential diagnoses included Influenza, cough, common cold, community-acquired pneumonia, acute bronchitis, acute pharyngitis, and postnasal drip syndrome based on the chief complaints. The reason that why these differential diagnoses were considered is because they all have coughs as the symptom. Some of these differential diagnoses have both coughs and sore throat. JD, et al. (2017) states that Influenza A or B viruses can cause a dry cough and sore throat. Troullos,

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), including acute otitis media (AOM) are the most common cause of ambulatory physician visits and antimicrobial prescriptions in children1,2. The most common bacterial causes of URTI are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, though the majority of cases are caused by viral pathogens 3–10. Distinguishing between viral and bacterial URTI can be difficult. Reports on quality of antimicrobial prescriptions have shown a 30-50% of all out-patient prescriptions due to (upper) respiratory tract infections to be inappropriate2,10,11. In Europe the quality of prescription is higher in the north of the continent, including Iceland compared to in the south12. Conversely, many factors contribute to the overuse of antimicrobials2,13–15, which in turn results to increase in antimicrobial resistance16,17. Contributing factors cited by by physicians to cause over-prescription include uncertainty of diagnosis, fear of disease complications, lack of perception of harmful effects of antimicrobials, not perceiving their own prescription practices to be a problem, pressure by patients, limited time, fear of damaging doctor-patient relationship in addition to language, cultural and educational barriers2,13–15. Antimicrobials were long a mainstay treatment against AOM in fear of rare, but dangerous complications, which have later been found to be unfounded, asnd

The leading cause of death among women is heart disease. Even though there have been increased awareness over the last ten years, only 54% of women acknowledge that heart disease is their number 1 killer (WISEWOMAN, 2015). Almost two-thirds of the women who die suddenly of heart disease have no previous symptoms, even if a woman shows no signs or symptoms, they may still be at risk (Nichols, H., 2015). Woman can reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes by educating themselves on the knowledge, skills and opportunities that are available. The WISEWOMAN (Well-Integrated Screening and Evaluation for WOMen Across the Nation) program is a program funded by the government to certain states to provide low-income, underinsured, or uninsured 40-65 year-old women with the information, and services and to improve their diet, physical activity, and other life habits to prevent, or control

In the article "PA Education in an Evolving Health Care", they discuss modern PA education. PA education is known for its adaptability. Adaptability, I feel, is an important quality in a program. Why? This is important since times change, so do the needs of people. It is also known for being able to change based on society. The average program length, is 26 months (Glicken 17). One question proposed in the article was if the PA programs were actually preparing people. The curriculum needs to challenge students, and also teach them. Schools only want the best education possible. I like that education is a concern. I like how they want an excellent education. Within courses, PAs have the opportunity to provide checkups under supervision. We need more programs with hands-on opportunities.

J.C. also presented with sinusitis along with pneumonia. Sinusitis is the inflammation of the mucosa in the sinus located at the opening of the sinus where mucus is able to drain (Lewis, et al., 2014, p. 504-506). Since drainage is made more of a challenge, fluid will accumulate at the opening leaving an excellent medium for infectious growth (Lewis, et al., 2014, 504-506). This factor combined with her already immunocompromised health could lead to more infection. In relation to her primary diagnosis of pneumonia, a key intervention is to expectorate secretions (Lewis, et al., 2014, 504-506). Having sinusitis and pneumonia could affect the effectiveness of interventions used to reduce secretions in the lungs (Lewis, et al., 2014, 504-506).

I appreciate your discussion post and the interesting article you selected. I agree with you regarding the theoretical application of Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) ability to get people moving from one stage to another (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2015). PAPM adoptability to address chronic diseases is a shift to focus on the precaution to prevent or reduce illnesses. The PAPM stages are a model to help figure out what message is appropriate to meet an individual at a particular state (Glanz, Rimer, & Viswanath, 2008). As the message in PAPM has strength to cease a risky behavior by allowing the people to reconsider the importance of adopting the precaution intervention to improve their quality of life (Weinstein, Sandman, & Blalock, n.d.)

Short courses of corticosteroids are indicated for EBV infectious mononucleosis with hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, CNS involvement, or extreme tonsillar enlargement. However, corticosteroids are not indicated for uncomplicated infections. Corticosteroids should be considered in those with impending airway obstruction[4].

This program does Multidisciplinary evaluation to determine eligibility and multidisciplinary assessments to determine the scope of services needed. It assists families and other professionals in developing a plan to enhance their child’s development. These two services are free to parents (DPH).

a bacterial infection has occurred(Carson-DeWitt). Fever and discomfort can be helped by taking acetaminophen (Carson-DeWitt). A cool mist vaporizer may help with the cough (Carson-DeWitt). Fever leads to dehydration, therefore patients must be given lots of fluids and liquids to stay hydrated(Carson-DeWitt).

Bronchopneumonia is usually treated with antibiotics, even if bronchopneumonia is suspected it could be from a fungi, virus, or a bacterium. The type of antibiotic used and the way it is given will be determined the severity, and cause of bronchopneumonia. If able to be treated at home treatments usually includes taking antibiotics, drinking plenty of water, using an humidifier, and getting an over the counter cough and fever medicine to help reduce fever and coughing. If treatment in hospital is required taking antibiotics or using oxygen therapy to let oxygen to where its need in the body and sometimes physical therapy is needed to help clear the sputum from the lungs. If your diagnosis is bronchitis Treatments usually includes soothing remedies to help with coughing, which may last weeks. Antibiotics are not usually recommended for bronchitis just plenty of rest, fluids, to eat healthy, do not smoke, or drink. Sometimes the doctor would tell you to take an aspirin if you are an adult to reduce the fewer. If you are diagnosed with bronchiectasis then it cannot be cured, but treatment may help. Treatment may include physical therapy and medications such as antibiotics and drugs to help loosen mucus. The main thing you need to do when you have bronchiectasis is drink plenty of fluid, rest, eat healthy, exercise, do not smoke, or heavily drink. If you do not follow what you are supposed to, to help you get better than your life style will be a struggle every

A cough can interrupt your normal daily routines and no one would like to stay near an unhealthy person.

Coughs (infection of lower respiratory system). This illness is usually caused by Respiratory syncytial virus, or RSV. This virus infects the lungs and breathing passages. Children usually experience mild, cold-like symptoms and recover in a week or two. “Soon after the cough develops, sneezing, fever, and wheezing may occur” (CDC, 2015). Treatment: There is no specific treatment. “In most cases, full recovery from illness occurs in about 1 to 2 weeks” (CDC,

I enjoy reading your post. It is a fact that there is an unnecessary prescription of antibiotics and many of those scripts come from doctors who aren’t sure whether a patient is infected with bacteria, needs antibiotics or whether the illness is caused by a virus. Most times the pediatric population who receive antibiotic prescriptions could be attributed to parent persuasion. As healthcare providers, we must educate parents about the risk of overuse of antibiotics unnecessarily. Al-ani et al. (2015) recommend that antibiotic only be prescribed when the clinical information or data does not suggest a viral infection with an asthma comorbidity. Procalcitonin blood test could always be used to differentiate between viral and bacterial infection.

Several studies (Weinstein et al., 1998; Blalock, 2005) have pointed out that the use of PAPM concepts and ideas have variety widely in the academic arena, additional few studies actually use all the concepts of PAPM. Other criticism of the PAPM include the inability for each stage to define complex behaviors, the research does not provide a predictive justification for success nor does it allow for effective interventions to be presented. While the psychological aspects of the principles and concept of PAPM have shown to be effective in address certain health determinants, other models have had much more success in prediction validity.