The Prediction Of Fullerene Structure

Fullerenes are molecules composed entirely of carbon in the form of a hallow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or plane. In this experiment, the purpose is to use cyclic voltammetry to infer about the electron transfer in MOs of fullerenes and understand orbital energy and composition. The first part of the experiment is an electrochemical characterization of C60. A sample of C60 ¬is dissolved and transferred into an electrochemical cell. Cyclic voltammetry, a potential wave form is used for determination of formal redox potentials, detection of chemical reactions that precede or follow the electrochemical reaction and evaluation of electron transfer kinetics.

A topic of great importance to all scientists is the identification of compounds, which is relevant in all aspects of their work in some way shape or form. Weather it may be determining what is causing sickness or what is polluting the air, it is very prevalent in the science world. In project 2, identification of cations and anions was preformed through a series of confirmation and elimination tests that ultimately led to identifying an unknown ionic compound made of cations and anions.

What is the atomic structure you may ask? Well, it’s the law stating the structure of an atom. It is composed of a positively charged nucleus containing a certain amount of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral charge), and electrons (negative). The amount of each subatomic particle (proton, neutron, and electron) all depend on what the element is. Now although this statement may seem fairly simple it was most definitely not. People have been studying the atomic structure for more than 300+ years and are still studying it. So after reading this you may wonder who even made this atomic structure up. After hundreds of years of research there is not any one individual who made the structure up but roughly

Over the course of the last 5000 years, mankind’s knowledge has been constantly advancing. Chemistry, a branch of science, has experienced a tremendous leap and expansions since ancient Greek civilization. One of the major breakthroughs in the advancement in Chemistry was the creation of the Atomic theory, which laid a foundation for the modern-day Chemistry and future of science. The Atomic theory introduced the idea of atoms, which are defined as the discrete units of matter. There are five key scientists that significantly contributed to the Atomic model over a span of thousands of years. They are: Democritus, John Dalton, J.J. Thompson, Ernest Rutherford, and Niels Bohr.

Bucky balls are extremely stable structures, they can withstand high temperatures and high pressures. The exposed surface of the structure can interact with other molecules while retaining its spherical geometry. Also, atoms and small molecules can be trapped inside the fullerene without reacting. Carbon 60 can undergo 6 reversible reductions, but oxidation is irreversible. The first reduction needs approximately 1.0 V, making it a fairly effective electron acceptor. It avoids having double bonds in the pentagons, so electron delocalization is poor and results in the molecule not being superaromatic. Superaromaticity is used to describe an extra stable nature of some aromatic macrocycle compounds. These structure contains a number of aromatic rings. Carbon 60 behaves very much like an electron deficient alkene and readily reacts with high electron density species. Fullerenes are sparingly soluble in aromatic solvents such as toluene and carbon disulfide, but they are insoluble in water. Saturated solutions of carbon 60 have a deep purple color which leaves a brown residue when it is evaporated. The relatively narrow energy width of the band of molecular levels responsible for green light absorption are the cause for this color change by single carbon 60

Gas hydrates form clathrate structures consisting of hydrocarbon molecules within "cages" of water molecules. There are two clathrates of practical interest, the sI and sII structures. The sII structure can accommodate propane molecules, which is not possible for the smaller cages of the sI structure. Alternatively, the sII structure will not form in a gas mixture consisting only of the smaller methane molecules. For the complex mixture of hydrocarbons in natural gas, both sI and sII structures

Olmsted, John III; Williams, Greg; Burk, Robert C. Chemistry, 1st Canadian ed.; John Wiley and Sons Ltd: Mississauga, Canada, 2010, pp 399 - 406

Discussion The simple hydrogen atom is often overlooked as a functional group because of its relative non-reactivity. However, hydrogen atoms on hydrocarbons

The molecule methane has a total of four Carbon-Hydrogen single covalent bonds. These bonds are non-polar because the electrons shared by the adjacent atoms in the bonds are shared equally. Because of this equal sharing of electrons, there is no charge separation. As a result, this molecule cannot enter into a charge interaction with water (Nonpolar Covalent Bonds, n.d.). Overall, Methane is considered a highly symmetric molecule that is made up of atoms with similar electronegativities (Nonpolar Covalent Bonds, n.d.).

The 1-bromobutane had a C-Br stretch at 500-600 cm-1 and a C-H stretch at 2850-2990

     Kekule and Couper’s theory was not all without fault; it is suprising that they did not recognize atoms as three-dimensional objects if they were to be understood as true particles of matter in space. It was not until 1875 when van’t Hoff and LeBel proposed their hypothesis of compounds and atoms taking up space. Their hypothesis went as follows: Four bonds of carbon were located at equal angles to each other in space, this would be a rectangular tetrahedron. Immense amounts of proof have been supplied to support this theory, but is not universally accepted. It is believed today that this hypothesis is pure nonsense, proving that van’t Hoff and LeBel were misdirected. It goes to show science is not

the peak at 1617.7 cm-1 specified the existence of a benzene ring. Another peak at 1151.5 cm-1

Prior to research by Popov et al., the synthesis conditions of ultrahard fullerite depended on a degree of plastic deformation and stress tensor variation of a sample under compression. The minimum required pressure for synthesis was 13 GPa at 1100 K, or 18 GPa at room temperature, both of which aren’t suitable for industrial production without a catalyst. The polymerization of fullerene molecules starts under sunlight irradiation at ambient temperatures to create dimers. These simple conditions for these intermolecular bonds to form led researchers to hypothesize

CO2 adsorption capacity is defined as a measure of an adsorbent’s capability or potential to adsorb CO2. It is expressed in terms of number of moles of CO2 that a unit mass of an adsorbent adsorbs under equilibrium conditions. The CO2 adsorption isotherms for MCM-41-30, MCM-41-30-AP-9-85-0.5 and MCM-41-30-TP-9-75-0.3 at 30 °C are presented in Figure 6(a). The CO2 adsorption isotherms for amine tethered samples exhibit a steep nonlinear concave shape due to the strong interactions between carbon dioxide molecules and amine moieties. In contrast, MCM-41-30 exhibits a less steep isotherm indicating that pure silica interacts with CO2 only by physisorption and hence lacks sufficient strong affinity towards CO2. Therefore, it is clear that the

Efficiency of coating could be monitored and confirmed by FTIR. Functional groups of each component give rise to characteristic bands in the mid IR region. For liposomes, two characteristic bands corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibrations of CH2 groups are located at 2850 and 2920 cm -1, respectively. These bands provide conformational information of the lipid acyl chains existed in all liposome formulations (Figures 4 and 5). WPI is characterized by Amide I′ band (C=O stretching vibration) in the region 1600–1700 cm−1 and Amide II band 1520-1580 cm -1 (Figure 4). Both amid I and amide II band were identified in different formulations of cationic and anionic liposomes confirming