The Primary Driver of Carcinoma Progression

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a cellular process that is essential for normal processes in many organisms, including embryonic development and wound healing, and is recapitulated in human disease, contributing to organ fibrosis and cancer progression (Thiery et al. 2009; Yang and Weinberg 2008). EMT describes the conversion of a cell with an epithelial phenotype to one with mesenchymal characteristics and can be a partial or complete transformation. Epithelial cells form the borders of tissues and organs, and are characterized by apical-basal polarity, contact with a basement membrane, and strong adherence to other epithelial cells through intercellular junctions including adherens junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes. Conversely, mesenchymal cells have front-rear polarity and generally lack cell-cell contact, allowing them to be motile. During human embryonic development, EMT is essential for the formation of a variety of tissues, including mesoderm, neural crest, somites, palate, pancreas, liver, reproductive tracts, and heart valves (Thiery et al. 2009; Yang and Weinberg 2008). After development, partial EMT also contributes to wound healing (Thiery et al. 2009). However, EMT can also play a more insidious role by factoring into tumour progression.

N-cadherin is a protein encoded by the CDH2 gene. It interacts with the cellular cytoskeleton, and is often involved in cardiac muscle, as well as certain cancers. Being calcium dependent, it helps to maintain cellular structure and integrity. For example, it plays a role in trans-endothelial migration, which involves cell-cell adhesion [3]. The endothelial layer contains many different fibers, as well as pathways that allow attachment for the cadherin protein. Some cancer cells can eventually pass through the endothelium, causing the cancer to become malignant and spread. Cadherins in this case can be used to identify and track the spread of the cells, and further identify common routes of travel through the human vasculature.

The American Cancer Society is one of the most effective ways to learn about the different the various types of cancer. The reason why I chose this organization is because I recently lost a very dear friend to brain cancer. A lot of people do not know the signs and symptoms of cancer and I feel as if this is a great way to inform people about it.

Due to the medical regimen prescribed for oncology patients, there may be evidence to suggest that oncology patients are at a greater risk of inpatient hospital falls. The majority of patients initially admitted for chemotherapy treatment tend to be rather mobile and active in their home life. However, during and after treatment their physical strength and mobility can be affected. The purpose of this paper is to address the quality improvement issue of oncology patient falls and improving prevention during their hospital admission.

Multiple epidemiological and psychological studies have investigated the relationship between psychological factors and the progression of cancer. Lack of social support, trauma history, depression, and distress and the most commonly cited psychological processes when looking at cancer outcomes. A meta-analysis conducted by Pinquart and Duberstein (2010) examined the association between social support and cancer progression and found that higher levels of perceived social support, having a larger social network, and being married decreased the mortality rate by 25%, 20% and 12% respectively. In contrast studies done on depression, stress, and trauma have consistently found them to

Both of these events occur because of interactions between the cancer cells and the stromal microenvironment (Weinberg et al., 2014). The degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and regulation of cell mesenchymal integrity are require steps (Bonnomet et al., 2010; Woessner, 1991). As known that matric metalloproteins (MMPs) are play an important role on ECM degradation. Type IV collagenase and gelatinase (MMP-2 or MMP-9) are major proteases for ECM degradation leading to migration and intravasation (Martin et al., 2007). Several junction proteins, such as E-cadherin and Vascular-Endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), are regular the integrity of cell-cell content and cell-mesenchymal contact (Fleming et al., 2000; Micalizzi et al., 2010). During cancer cells leave the original tumor organ to migrate to the target metastasis organ process, adhesion molecules (e.g., integrin-1 and E-selectin) play a key role in regulating the adhesion of tumor cells to endothelium cells (Yates et al., 2014; Okegawa et al., 2002). On the other hand, when cancer cells leave the original tumor organ to migrate to circulate system by intravasation, then they extravasation into the circulatory system to migrate to the target metastasis organ. The regulation of migration, invasion and adhesion may be an effective strategy for improving the prognosis of

Cancer is a leading cause of death and devastating experiences for patients’ family members and close friends. The disease undermines the emotional wellbeing of the survivors during and after treatment. It often affects the physical appearance and exposes the family members to financial constraints thereby leading to depression, reduced productivity at workplaces and many other social problems. However, the controversies over the causes of cancer continue to impact the awareness campaigns and the general population attitude towards treatment options. According to Thun, Linet, Cerhan, Haiman, and Schottenfeld (2017), many people believe that gene composition is the leading risk factor for cancer. In contrast, etiological studies have confirmed

A histologically confirmed metastasis in the absence of a detectable primary cancer (after investigation) is termed cancer of unknown primary or CUP (1). CUP comprises 2-6% of all malignancies (1), and is generally divided further based on the site of the metastasis and prognosis (2). Most cases are carcinomas with adenocarcinomas (undifferentiated to well differentiated) accounting for 90%, squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) making up 5% and undifferentiated neoplasm accounting for the remainder (3). In post-mortem studies, the primary tumor was discovered in 73% of patients with the most common site being: lung (27%), pancreas (24%), liver or bile duct (8%), kidney or adrenals (8%), colon or rectum (7%), genital system (7%), and stomach (6%)

Tissues are defined as groups of cells with a common structure and function. However, there are four different main categories in the human body: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. Even within the four main categories, there are different types of cells assembled in a different formation. For example, the cells in the epithelial tissue are joined closely together with little material in between them. There are different types of epithelium tissues, including the simple epithelium and stratified epithelium. A simple epithelium has a single layer of cells and a stratified epithelium has multiple layers of cells. Just within the epithetical tissue, the cells connect to each other in a different structure

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide as it can develop in almost any organ or tissue. Significant advances in understanding the cellular basis of cancer and the underlying biological mechanisms of tumour has been vastly improved in the recent years (Jiang et al. 1994). Cancer is a genetic disease which requires a series of mutation during mitosis to develop, its characteristics can be associated with their ability to grow and divide abnormal cells uncontrollable while in the mean time invade and cause nearby blood vessels to serve its need. Even though many people are affected by cancer today, the abilities which cancer cells have make it hard to find a single effective treatment for cancer. The focus of research now lies

The size of syndecans varies between 20 to 45 kDa depending on the syndecan’s type3. They are linked to the cellular cytoskeleton6. Therefore, they regulate the organization of cytoskeleton and actin microfilaments. They also play a role in endocytosis and the regulation of cell surface receptors during cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions7. In addition, syndecan molecule consists of four domains; a single sequence, extracellular domain that has sites for the attachment of heparin sulfate glycosaminoglycan side chains, a transmembrane region and short, highly conservative cytoplasmic domain of about 30 to 35 residues that helps in the interaction of syndecan molecules with cytoskeletal proteins5. The cytoplasmic region consists of two conserved regions; C1 (which is proximal to the plasma membrane) and C2 (which is distal to plasma membrane). A variable region is located between C1 and C2 regions3. Moreover, the extracellular domain is specific for each type of syndecan. It binds to 3 to 5 chains of HS or CS3. Syndecan-2 and 4 bind to HS while Syndecan-1 and 3 bind to CS in addition of HS3. The most prominent member of the syndecan family in the vasculature is syndecan-23. Moreover, Shedding of the extracellular of Syndecan occurs in response to complement activation8, endotoxin9, growth factors and thrombin10, serine and/or cystein proteinases11,

Cell interactions play an important role in cancer progression and my research aims to learn more about how cells interact. I am studying embryo development in C. elegans since this is a time when cells normally interact and move to make sure they are in the correct part of the embryo for normal development. Since known cell adhesion factors do not appear to be solely responsible for cell interactions during development, I am hoping to identify novel genes cell interaction genes by screening for mutants where cells move to the wrong part of the embryo during development. I am observing cells that will develop to form two different tissue types, pharynx and body muscles. To increase the chance of observing mutant interactions, I am using

Cancer has touched nearly every American, either directly or through a loved one. Cancer develops when human cells begin to grow out of control and continuously produce new cells. Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death globally, and treatment is often time-consuming and costly.1 Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, immunotherapy, hormones and heat.1 Cannabis is now considered to be a successful aid to these treatment methods. Cannabis contains approximately 85 known types of cannabinoids which consist of active chemicals that create a drug like effects within the human body. In studies conducted by the American Cancer Society, it was discovered that cannabis was helpful in treating nausea and vomiting, often caused

Cancer is a group of 200 or more diseases of controlled cell growth. The treatment of cancer can be very difficult process. Breast Cancer is most prevalent form of cancer among women and second leading cause of death. From a clinical standpoint radiation chemotherapy not only made strides in preventing the reoccurrence in cancer but also has some side effects that needed to be treated in order for a women to return to a healthy lifestyle. For example chemotherapy cause substantial weight loss, diaria, vomiting, anorexia and nausea after chemotherapy. The person may develop anemia, skin disorders, be sun sensitivity and become more vulnerable to every day common infections. The person will most likely lose their hair and substantially loss

There are two main types of cancers, and one subtype that are not necessarily caused by prolonged sun exposure and/or UV radiation. These are basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), and actinic keratosis. There are also very rare cancers such as sarcomas, cutaneous lymphomas, and Merkel cell