1) What is the organism responsible for the occurrence of IM? What patient group is mainly affected?
The organism responsible for the occurrence of IM is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). This virus belongs to the Herpes group and was first identified in cultured cells from biopsies of Burkitt’s Lymphoma.
The patient group that is mainly affected are 15 to 25 year olds. Infants and younger children have been affected, but the virus is very rarely found in middle aged or elderly people.
2) Explain the principle of the glandular fever test.
A patient sample is added to an absorbent pad on the test strip which contains bovine erythrocyte glycoprotein. The patient sample mobilises the blue microspheres that are contained in the test strip and they move up the strip. The test strip contains a region of immobilised bovine erythrocyte glycoprotein in the result window. If any IM heterophile antibodies are present in the specimen, then a blue line should appear in the result window. The Clearview IM test strips used in the laboratory provides an integrated control feature.
3) What is a heterophile antibody?
A heterophile antibody is an antibody produced in one species that reacts with the cells from another unrelated species. These antibodies, which are IgM in nature, are not specific for sheep red cells but also react with horse and ox, but NOT human, red cells.
4) What are atypical lymphocytes and how do they appear on: a) blood film, b) graphics plot?
a) On a blood
The goal of this experiment is to determine the blood types of the samples given and to learn what interactions occurred to each blood type. Determining an individual’s blood type and how it reacts with Anti A, Anti-B, and Anti Rh serums played a crucial part in this experiment. The researcher concluded that agglutination (clumping) occurred in some of the blood samples. For example, Mr. Smith’s blood reacted with Anti-A and Anti-Rh serums (antibodies) allowing the researcher to determine the blood type is A. Mr. Jones’s blood reacted with Anti-B serum but it did not react to Anti-A or Anti Rh allowing the researcher to believe that the blood type is B. Mr. Green’s blood reacted with all serums and caused a reaction to occur resulting the blood type to be AB positive. Mr. Green’s blood also had a positive marker for Rh factor. However, Ms. Brown’s blood had no reaction at all and the researcher determined if no reaction occurred then the sample had no antigens but proved to have some antibodies, resulting in blood type to be O. The purpose of this experiment is to determine whose blood has type A, B, AB, or O.
For this experiment student will identify the individual blood types through the antigen and antibody reaction by using the anti- A, Anti- B and Anti- Rh serums we will be able to identify the different types of blood. Red blood cells also known as erythrocyte are small cells shaped like an oval however they have a plasma membrane but no nucleus. Hemoglobin is the protein that allows the red blood cells to bind easily with oxygen. While hematopoiesis is known as blood cell formation. The independent variable would be the Red blood cells. While the dependent variable would be the Antibodies and the antigens
This is immunity in an organism that’s a result from the production of antibodies or lymphocytes after an antigen is identified in the body.
To identify red blood cells, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, sickle cell anemia and leukemia.
disease or ill health, by intercepting this pathogen the lymphoid localises it and isolates it from
It is a virus that desecrates immune systems and can slowly creep upon its victim due to its potential ten year incubation period. You might contract the disease and not even know it. The virus kills by destroying all your disease fighting T cells, leaving your body powerless to foreign pathogens that we are surrounded by everyday.
Descriptive elements such as this are used to portray the appearance of a positive hemochromatosis test so that the reader can visualize the view from a microscope. In all, extensive use of imagery strengthens this article by providing the reader with an accurate visualization
Microscopically, the lymph nodes demonstrate extensive architectural destruction by sheets of plasma cells that form between the cells of the lymph nodes. The hyaline-vascular changes in the cells are inconspicuous or absent, while the changes with plasma cells can be seen more often in scans and tests (The Hematologist).
Although EHEC mostly affects young children and elderly, people of any age can become infected.
Monoclonal Mouse anti-human CD20 reacts with an antigen which is a very useful marker for normal and neoplastic B cells. The B-lymphocyte antigen CD20 causes B-cells to stain brown in the IHC practice, intrafollicular B-cell presence is most notable, however cells stained brown are also present in the interfollicular zone.
by this virus and many are as young as 12 years of age. Studies show
The Ebstein-Barr Virus took on the name of its founders, Anthony Epstein, Yvonne Barr, and Burt Achong in 1964. It is a part of the herpes family, but has no relation to the genital or oral types of herpes. Although it was first recognized in children, about 90% of the human population all over the world between infancy to old adulthood is infected with the virus. It is most popular for causing mononucleosis, short for mono, which a lot of people refer to as the “kissing disease”. It is also believed to be the first
Q Fever is an infection caused by Coxiella burnetii. This infection commonly infects livestock such as sheep, goats and cattle. Infection can be transmitted to human from animal waste, infected animals’ birth products or direct contact with an infected animal. Infection in humans usually occurs via inhalation of infected droplets or infected barnyard dust.
The materials used for the first part of the experiment comprised of the following: a microscope, 4 slides, 4 slide covers, blood samples, lancet, a sheet of paper towel, 3 test tube droppers, Solutions A, Solutions B, and Solution C.
Immunoglobulin (Ig) or Antibody (AB) is a protein that is in the shape of a Y that is produced by plasma cells and use by the immune system. These proteins are then utilized to identify and attack bacteria and viruses. Immunoglobulin is clearly a very important protein in our human bodies as well as being very integral to our survival and our ability to fend off foreign molecules. This has lead to a lot of deep research regarding this protein. By knowing the proteins exact structure and functions there will be a larger understanding of how our bodies actually work and how we can improve our health to live longer and better lives. This is exactly what will be looked at throughout this paper, the research, structure, function and behavior of the protein Immunoglobulin (Ig).