The Principles Governing Trading Between The Wto Member States And Their Repercussions On Human Rights

In addition to the Pathos, ethos also has very important effect on this flier. The author presents a lot of specific information about the policies of the WTO and its practices in many aspects in recent years. All the facts, the reports from the authoritative organization like the United Nations Development Programs, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, give the flier strong evidence and make it creditable.

The World Trade Organization was formed on January 1, 1995 however; its trade system is almost 50 years older. Since 1948, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) had provided the rules for the system. The main purpose for the World Trade Organization is to offer a forum for negotiation of trade between member Governments. The bulk of these agreements came from the 1986-1994 Uruguay Round negotiations, as well as from the GATT. Currently, the WTO is host to a new set of negotiations under the “Doha Development Agenda” launched in 2001. At the center of the WTO, are the agreements reached between the majorities of the world’s trading nations. These documents provide legal guidelines (and rules) for international commerce and general business. These agreements are ultimately viewed as contracts, binding the participating governments to keeping their trade policies within agreed limits. The system’s overriding purpose is to help trade flow freely for the economic development and well being of participating governments and their countries.

Over the years, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has prided itself as the central element in the international economic management system across the world. This system incorporates other international bodies such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund as well as a series of other regional trade regimes that are growing. Collectively, these structures provide a mechanism that addresses international economic interdependence as well enhancing economic interactions that offer the promise of maximizing social welfare across the globe. These aspects have been brought about due to the focus given in the post-Cold War era where international relations have evolved beyond a narrow emphasis on politico-military affairs.

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a plurilateral body of 159 countries dedicated to the liberalization of world trade. Countries that ascend to the WTO agree to provisions that all other members have already agreed to, including like the reduction of tariffs, non-discrimination, transparency, and reciprocity. Consensus is difficult between 159 countries, and so agreements can be hard to reach. This consensus has been especially difficult during the Doha round. Opened in 2001, talks have been stalled over disagreements between countries, chiefly over intellectual property protections. Without an agreement, the WTO is forced into a stagnant role until the negotiations are completed.

In their argument, Jerry Milligan and Andriy Kabanets argue that, "the WTO is fair towards developing countries and even benefits them". Additionally Mr. Milligan and Mr. Kabanets argue that the WTO, "solves problems that otherwise would exist without the WTO and does not create new problems for developing countries" (Milligan & Kabanets, 2005).

When trading in an international market, a company must understand the ways, countries can interfere with trade. These trade barriers, according to Kishore Kulkarni’s book on International Economics, cause trade to “diverge from the comparative advantage pattern” (pg.266). David Ricardo’s comparative advantage “is an economic law that demonstrates the ways in which protectionism is unnecessary in free trade” (pg.145). This section will provide an in-depth look at the trade restriction known as a tariff.

Lamy opined that Word Trade Organisation (WTO) rulebook should be updated and strengthened to manage the interface between trade and other policy areas. It is vital to promote society’s moral policy to gain public support for trading system. The question arisen whether the WTO is well placed to make substantive judgement on ‘public morality’. If the WTO is placed to regulate on its Members’ moral choices, States will lose regulatory autonomy. It is suggested that the WTO’s Member States should negotiate and provide a uniform definition rather than the WTO.

Free trade agreements create a free flow of goods, services, investment and people.The Doha Development round was a multilateral trade agreement between the member countries of WTO. The primary objective of the Doha round was to provide opportunities to developing countries into the world trading system; it covered about twenty areas of trade, market access for non-agricultural products and some intellectual property issues. However, even after sincere efforts, evidence suggests that developing countries did not gain much from Doha development round of tariff negotiation. This paper analyses the World Trading systems, Free Trade and Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiation.

Since the 1980s, governments have placed an increasing emphasis on human rights. This emphasis has been reflected in the inclusion of human rights provisions in preferential trade agreements. NAFTA (1993) was the first preferential trade agreement to include explicit language on the subject of human rights, and it is now estimated that over 75% of the world’s governments participate in preferential trade agreements that include human rights provisions (Aaronson & Chauffour, 2011).

Multilateral trading system is there as to regulate the trading process between countries and products being traded, such as World Trade Organisation and General Agreement Tariffs and Trade. In further elaboration WTO is the body responsible for regulating world trade; its role has become increasingly difficult with the increase of special trading agreements and the introduction of more complex issues such as non-tariff barriers. Of which GATT is Trade and Development which includes provisions on the concept of non-reciprocity in trade negotiations between developed and developing countries — when developed countries grant trade concessions to developing countries they should not expect the developing countries to make matching offers in return.

Globalization has been one of the most import reasons why the world has become a place where everyone can communicate with each other, travel to places in a shorter period of time than before and have a massive variety of goods and services provided to, from which they can choose. Globalization opened a door and created a civilization that can bring people together and created all kinds of resources accessible to everyone. Technology improves every day and these helped countries to export and import goods and services to other countries through advanced mechanical technology. Such facilities were unapproachable or limited to an extent before the rise of globalization. Countries wanted to import goods that they could not produce in their own country and they wanted to export goods and services to other countries that were in need of the products they could produce in great numbers. The idea of an international organization was created in 1995, named as the World Trade Organization (WTO), whose members could import and export products with each other, create agreements between two or more countries and control disagreements on trade between countries (WTO website). This organization would make trade easier and more effective to its members and eventually promote a sense of development (Litonjua, 2010, 45). Two members of the WTO are Canada and the United Kingdom, which are both categorized as Developed countries in the industrialized world. Their role in the WTO

Trading agricultural products is a staple of the world’s economy, where countries have a supply and demand, and if they cannot produce enough supply to meet their demand they can look towards imports to fill the extra requirement needed. Or if they have an overabundance of supply they can export the surplus to make a little extra money. With trading globally there is a bit more involved, there must be rules and regulations to ensure that all trades with all people is fair. One country cannot export a product for a price to one country then significantly raise or lower the price for another country. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), a treaty started in 1948 to reduce tariffs and other restrictions so that trade and economic

In this report I will be explaining, international trade and explain the role of the world trade organisation (WTO) in the advancing and regulation of international trade, furthermore, I will assess trade agreements and their impact on international trade.

     The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995. One of the youngest of the international organizations, the WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War. The World Trade Organization exists to ensure that trade between nations flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible. It provides and regulates the legal issues which governs world trade now .

The principle of special economic needs for the least developed countries (LCDs) was recognized in the GATT 1965, where the preferential treatment of such countries in matters of trade, tariffs and other legal measures was deemed a necessary vehicle to both trade liberalizations and also for enhancing the economic development of the LCDs (Mckenzie, 2005). Consequently, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has recognized the need for the preferential treatment of the developing countries in matters of trade as provided for under the Article I:1 of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994), targeting the most-favoured-nations (MFN) (GATT, 1979). Therefore, the World Trade Organization (WTO) regulatory context relevant in this case goes back to the Generalized System of Preferences as established under the Enabling clause of the GATT, allowing for the preferential treatment of the developing countries over their developed counterparts in matters of trade relationships (EC, 2004). The relevant legal issue is whether the recent change in the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) as developed by Solia are in violation of Article I and Article II of the GAAT of 1994.