The Process Of Aging And Metabolism

On a molecular level, fat tissue is normally the largest organ in humans and is involved in mechanisms and pathways that deal with longevity. Fat tissue is not only involved in energy storage but is also important in immune and endocrine function, thermoregulation, mechanical protection, and tissue regeneration (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Adipose tissue is able to protect against infection and trauma. It is also able to produce and activate hormones, including IL-6, IGF-1, and glucocorticoids, as well as prevent heat loss (Tchkonia et al., 2010). Throughout life, changes in fat distribution and function is constantly occurring and in older individuals, these changes correspond to a number of health disorders like hypertension, cancers, cognitive dysfunction, and diseases like diabetes, heart attacks, and strokes, as previously noted (Tchkonia et al., 2010). As people age, their body composition increases in fat mass and decreases in muscle mass, regardless of their body weight or BMI (Dorner and Rieder, 2011).

It is a known fact that all measures of physiological function decline in human aging. While genetics certainly play a role in the declining of physiological function with age, it can be argued that a fundamental part of aging can be reflected by chemical processes resulting in the appearance of harmful side products of the normal metabolism over time. When enzymes speed up reactions it is harder to slow them down. At the same time side reactions are constantly occurring and more and more unwanted side products are continuously being formed.

As individuals become older, they become less hungry. With age comes changes in body composition. The muscle mass lost with sarcopenia is compensated with accumulation of fat, so that the accumulation of fat increases as the accumulation of protein decreases. This fat-protein relationship means that old adults have less requirements for energy, reflected in their lack of appetite when compared to a younger population.

The physiological aging signifies to the changes in structure and body functioning that happen over a lifetime. Some of these changes are involuntary and happen very slowly while other changes happen in a short period of time. The physiological changes that usually happen are cardiovascular system which reduce the elasticity of the blood vessels and heart valves, regulated blood stream due to the thickening of the vessel walls and as the fatty deposits lining the vessels and a reduce the ability of the heart pump out as much blood with each beat. For this reason, you can feel fatigued, develop short of breath and get simply less ability to physical effort.

It remains to be secured whether manipulations that constrain general protein synthesis affect longevity due to the deteriorated rates of overall protein synthesis. There is overcoming evidence that cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways regulating aging are controlled by mTOR. Above I have mentioned important studies that support a role for both mTOR dependent protein synthesis and autophagy in aging. Further studies are needed to test the importance on human longevity

With aging, there are natural changes that occur in the body, these changes affect they way the body response to pharmaceuticals. The absorption, metabolism and excretion of many drugs decrease, requiring that doses of some drugs be adjusted. As we age our small bowel surface area decrease, our gastric emptying becomes delayed and our gastric acid pH increases, all of these changes change the drug absorption by the body. Similarly metabolism of pharmaceuticals is also affected because as we age our hepatic metabolism decreases, along with the first-pass metabolism. In addition, the most important pharmacokinetic change worth mentioning that associated with aging is decreased renal elimination of drugs. With age it's common to have a lower muscle

There are thousands of genes which relevance for the pathobiology of aging, but there are few genes may control the rate of aging. Other than that, some theories of aging point to the influence of genetics redundancy in the aging process and others are concerned with insufficiency of repair system, which aging result from the accumulation of somatic damage or unrepaired DNA lesion. It is not clear whether age related based in repair mechanism which may be intrinsic to the aging process, reflect information encoded in the DNA, environmental effects or the interaction of genetic and environmental effects. This show both genetic and environmental mechanism are probably important to intrinsic aging

The purpose of this news is to notify us that scientists now understand better why aging occurs, researchers from the Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB) in Mainz, Germany found out that the genes which cause aging belong to a process called autophagy which boosts health and fitness in youth but drive the process of ageing later in life. It also demonstrates that ageing is something humans can not avoid. To do this research the researchers shut down autophagy in old worms and they saw there was a strong improvement in neuronal and subsequent whole body health. In the article of The tech museum of architecture they state that there are two theories of why we age, one is that our genes decide how long we live, and the other one says that as we live our DNA gets damaged until we can no longer function as we are supposed to do. They also talk about the experiment with the worms and how by mutating certain genes they can expand their lifespan up to 4-fold, which for humans would be the same as 300 years. There is another article were their research is about trying to prove that ageing is universal and is the same for all living things, however they found that is has many variables depending on the animal.

Aging process will lead to decline of biological functions and the ability to adapt to metabolic stress. Since the percentage of mortality increases rapidly with aging, it is clear that all of the body systems will changes in the individual which make him or her more vulnerable to disease. Among the systems that get affected by aging process are endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, and reproductive

A positive note, over time the health status of our aging population has shown some improvements, this could be linked to the lower disease burden of recent generations. More seasoned individuals can live fiery and dynamic lives until a later age than in the past and on the off-chance that they’re encouraged to be profitable; they can be contributors as well. Additionally the likelihood of current intensive biomedical anti-aging studies should not be left out; they may increase the healthy and productive time of human life in years to

This theory is called the Cellular Aging where “the cumulative effect of stress and toxins, [are] causing first cellular damage and eventually the death of cells” (Berger 690). Fortunately, these causes of aging can be modified through eating foods rich in antioxidants to reduce the damage created by free radicals, and practicing mental fitness to keep the brain sharp. Calorie-Restriction, the method of "limiting dietary energy intake . . . while consuming sufficient quantities of vitamins minerals and other important nutrients . . . [can also slow cellular aging]" (Berger 691). However, Berger states that such method does not work for everyone because the specifics of diet are crucial. Restricted-diet might help other creatures, but it doesn’t guarantee that it will slow down the human aging

As we age, our bodies gradually undergo irreversible physiological and psychological changes from decrease in bone and muscle mass, lung capacity and heart rate to inhibition of cognition and neuro-motor function. However, the speed of the aging processes depends on the person’s genetic predisposition to such diseases as cancer, diabetes and hypertension, the dietary habits and the lifestyle, and also on existence of comorbidities, such as arthritis, osteoporosis, cardio-pulmonary and autoimmune pathologies (McPherson &Wister, 2014). Speaking about my own perspectives on aging, I think I have good chances to age well: my heredity is not burdened with any serious illnesses, I adhere to a relatively healthy lifestyle and my cognition is constantly

The respect and appreciation for the diverse community of Earth are essential in the quest for success. Each person is unique and can use this to his/her advantage as a piece of a bigger puzzle. The world would not function without the dedication of volunteers and this is why I have always been inspired to enrich the lives of all ages.

In the new age, aging is an event that has confounded biologists for the past several decades. With new advances in medicine, people are living longer than ever before and as a result are experiencing a new phenomenon known as aging, where there is deterioration of physiological functions that are required for survival and fertility over time. Now that people can live past 50 years of age, they are likely to develop grey hair, muscle deterioration, memory loss and slowed sexual responsiveness. While most organisms go through the aging process, there is no single hypothesis that explains how or why aging and senescence, the physiological deterioration, happens. In most organisms, there is a trade-off between the energy allocated for early growth

Aging is the process of becoming older, as we age, multiple mutations occur that concern all the processes of aging well as it compromising a number of different genes. There are many theories of biological aging, such as the Cellular Aging Theory, Immunological Theory, and the Wear and Tear Theory. The Cellular Aging theory describes the process of aging in which cells slow their number of replication, thus giving each species a “biological clock that determines its maximum life span” and how quickly one 's health will deteriorate(Hooyman, 42). After a certain number of years, each cell which follows an apparent biological clock starts to replicate itself less, thus the specific individual or species slowly deteriorates. This theory gives