The Process Of Seed Germination Is Dependent On Environmental And Internal, Hormonal Factors

This experiment is designed to test the allelopathy of two different treatments, Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus cinerea) and Lemon (Citrus limon). The two treatments will be tested on radish seeds (Raphanus sativus) to investigate the effect of the treatments on the germination of the radish seeds. Allelopathy is the beneficial or harmful effects that one plant has on another plant by the release of chemicals. Allelopathy studies the interactions among plants, fungi, algae and bacteria with the organisms living in a certain ecosystem, interactions that are mediated by the secondary metabolites produced and exuded into the environment (Francisco A Macías, José MG Molinillo, Rosa M Varela, Juan CG Galindo 2007). The plants use

Photoperiodism is the effect of the relative lengths of light and dark periods on plant growth. This occurs when photoreceptor proteins e.g phytochromes are produced by plants in response to light intensity or the absence of light. This in effect affects the height of plants. [5]

The ravg for the experimental group was 0.1613 and the ravg for the control group was 0.2047. The results indicated that our predictions were correct; duckweed that received less light exhibited a lower rate of

Germination is the stage of plant growth through which a seed becomes a seedling plant. First, the seed begins to absorb water and the radicle root emerges from the seed coat and into the water. Then, the primary roots grow, the cotyledons move above ground, the stem begins to grow, and leaves develop. The process is complete when the first leaves open and the cotyledons fall off (The Learning Garden 2001).

When planting a seed, many factors allow the seed to grow and become a plant. To sprout from the ground, and to survive, seeds need water, air, and a certain temperature. Seeds can get water, oxygen, and sun by being placed at the proper planting depth. Planting depth is the depth at which a seed is placed in the soil. If a seed is exposed to these important needs, it goes through a process called germination. According to the Wise Geek article, “What is Germination?”, “Germination is a process in which a seed or spore awakens from dormancy and starts to sprout.” (“What is Germination?”).

Introduction: Photosynthesis can be defined as a solar powered process that removes atmospheric carbon dioxide and transforms it into oxygen and carbohydrates (Harris-Haller 2014). Photosynthesis can be considered to be the most important biochemical process on Earth because it helps plants to grow its roots, leaves, and fruits, and plants serve as autotrophs which are crucial to the food chain on earth. Several factors determine the process of photosynthesis. Light is one these factors and is the main subject of this experiment. The intensity of light is a property of light that is important for photosynthesis to occur. Brighter light causes more light to touch the surface of the plant which increases the rate of photosynthesis (Speer 1997). This is why there is a tendency of higher rates of photosynthesis in climates with a lot of sunlight than areas that primarily do not get as much sunlight. Light wavelength is also a property of

Therefore, I was correct in my hypothesis that dark will have an effect on the germination of radish seeds. Also, I was very close in predicting that the seeds grown in the light will germinate twice as much as the seeds grown in the dark; the control seeds grew a little less than double the size of the experimental seeds. Ultimately, my experiment proved that light is a very important factor in the growth of any plant. However, I’ve learned that seeds grown in the dark will germinate, though slowly, as

The second step of the experiment was to soak the seeds in water overnight. This action was made to prepare the seeds for germination and making them more softer and less rigid. The seeds were placed in a bowl and were covered by tin foil. It was set up on the refrigerator to minimize any outside interference that may come to it. After a full night of absorbing the water, the seeds were ready to start the next stage.

The garden bean and castor bean are considered to be epigeous because during germination the cotyledons are carried above ground level by the extending hypocotyl. In both bean seedlings, the extended hypocotyl shapes into a hook, but eventually straightens out pulling the cotyledon above the ground. In contrast to the garden and castor bean, the germination process of the pea is considered to be hypogeous. In this process, the cotyledons remain under the surface and the hypocotyl doesn’t extend. During hypogeous germination of the pea seedling, the epicotyl extends and forms a hook, which eventually lifts the plumule from underground as it straightens out.

It is important for seeds to be able to be dormant because that they can be saved and planted at a later time. Dormant seeds are only able to be planted because of germination which “wakes up” or activates the seeds. If seeds could not be germinated, then dormant seeds could not be planted which would mean less crops and flowers which would effect in a negative way. Many animals would die because crops and also flowers are near the bottom of the food chain and are necessary in life for almost all living things, even if an animal is a carnivore. Germination is not the only thing necessary for plants’ growth. Plants need water, nutrients, carbon dioxide, warmth and a source of light. Light is a key part of photosynthesis and without it, a plant would not be able to produce food for itself and it would eventually die. Germination and light are necessary in plant growth, and plants are necessary for all living things.

From the start of recording information, flowers in this treatment started in the earlier stages of senescence, and stayed in a particular stage for multiple days. It is also the only treatment to have no flowers in stage 5 of senescence. By the end of the experiment, one flower, 3% sucrose 2, appeared relatively healthy, with decent colouration and petals. These results occurred because the cut flowers are taking up the extra sucrose via the stem, and providing extra nutrients for the plant. Research has showed that a delay in the onset of senescence can be caused by an exogenous energy supply, such as sucrose.

In this experiment, I tested the theory of how light would affect the growth of a bean plant. According to gardenguides.com, lack of light is detrimental to plant growth.”Plants that don't get enough light don't have the resources they require, and fail to bloom or fruit.” It is also stated that every plant will need a different strength of sunlight such as full sun, partial sun, or indirect sunlight (also known as full shade). Plants that receive inadequate amounts of sunlight will not thrive.The reasoning behind this is due to a process called Photosynthesis, stated in gardeningknowhow.com. Photosynthesis is a chemical process which converts energy in the form of light into a chemical energy which is a vital food source for plants to thrive.

Photosynthesis is a vital process that autotrophs use to transfer light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis ultimately produces O2 and glucose. It, like many other biological processes, can be affected by environmental variables. The variable that we altered in the following experiment are intensity, light wavelengths, and pigment types. In order to do this, we conducted three experiments. In the first experiment, we examined the effect of light intensity by placing vials with chloroplasts with DPIP at different light distances in which the results varied. Initially, 30cm away was the most effective for photosynthesis. Then 24cm appeared to be the most effective. Followed by 49cm at minutes 25 and 30. In the second experiment, we

This data shows a strange outcome, in the hypothesis; it says that “If acid is introduced to the seed during germination, then the roots will not grow as long as the seeds that are given water”. This statement proves to be untrue, because the roots grew longer with stronger acid than weaker acid, and in some, cases, grew better with strong acid than it did in water. This may be true because of the acid growth theory. The acid growth theory states that auxins cause the elongation of stem cells by promoting wall loosening. It was determined that this wall loosening is caused by hydrogen ions. This idea and subsequent supporting data gave rise to the acid growth theory, which states that when exposed to auxins, susceptible cells excrete protons into the wall at an enhanced rate, which in turn decreases the pH in the wall. The lowered wall pH then activates the wall loosening process which is essentially doing the same thing as the auxin hormone.

Plant senescence is relevant to our future as plants are a key source of food of all living organisms, being the “producer” of the food chain for all living things. Thankfully, plant senescence has only come into the limelight over the last decade due to increased technologies, which has in turn produced a world of knowledge about the life cycle of plants and leaves, in a micro level of how plants function, to a more macro level of how it impacts biomes and ecosystems. A point made by a Professor of Plant breeding and genetics (Gan, 2014, p.1) that plant senescence is ideal for