The Proliferation and Advances of Computer Networks

Improved performance: A distributed DBMS fragments the database to keep data closer to where it is needed most. This helps to avoid unnecessary data transfer.

atabase is a collection of data which describes the activities of one or more organizations in a well-defined structure and the structure of a database is specific and it has a purpose. Database Management System (DBMS) is used to control or organize the data in a database. Database Management System (DBMS) is also used for maintaining large collections of data. Distributed database can be defined as a collection of various databases which can be stored at different computer network locations. In this paper we discuss about Distributed Databases, their advantages and disadvantages.

What is a database? According to our book, it’s an organized collection of logically related data. The information collected in a database can be effortlessly administered and accessed. However, with each database there is a concern of security. According to our book, the goal of database security is to protect and prevent data from unintentional or deliberate threats to its integrity and accessibility. The database environment has grown more complex, with distributed databases located on client/server architectures and personal computers as well as mainframes. Access to data has become more open through the Internet and corporate intranets and from mobile computing devices. As a result, managing data security has become more difficult and time-consuming.

Database security is a critical Domain of Computer and Information Security that deals with protection of an individual database or group of database from illegal access, injections or possible destruction. Data can be a customer's information, intellectual property, financial asset or any number of other records that can be maintained and managed on a system. Without Database security people are at risk of identity fraud, theft, destruction of property and much worse. The global costs of such security breaches runs from over a billions of dollars yearly, and the cost to individual companies can be extreme, sometimes disastrous.

Distributed database technologies are an emerging market and bound to have a significant impact on data processing in the upcoming years. Research states that the introduction of commercial products there is more expectation that distributes database management system will take over a centralized database within the near future. Even though DDBMS is changing technologies, there are still issues. This paper is about the lack of security in a distributed database and how we can improve it in many ways. The distributed database is a collection of database, stored at various sites of the network; therefore, security is an important issue.

In a centralized database, all data of an organization are kept in a single computer as a central processor or server. Users in remote locations access data by using WAN by application software provided to access data. The centralized database (the central processor or server) should be able to satisfy all requests from the system; therefore, it creates restricted access. But since all data resides in a single location it easier to maintain and support data. In addition, it is easier to maintain the integrity of data, because once the data is stored in a centralized database, out-of-date data is no longer available in other places.

Some of the challenges faced by relational databases were the mismatch that resulted when transforming graphs into tables. On the other hand, when a database was needed only for simples tasks like logging, the relational database had too much more than what was required. Web applications have many different types of attributes which does not fit easily into a relational database, which makes it a burden to handle. For example, videos, text and source code are different types of attributes from the web, which have to be stored in various tables if relational databases are used, because of its strict schema. Qualities like these, make RDBMS, a not-so-wise choice to handle blogs and other web applications. The massive data that has to be taken care of in web applications complicates data handling for famous webpages like Amazon, Google and Facebook. Factors like trillions and trillions of read and write requests which needs to be responded with minimal or no latency, leads these organizations to maintain their own hardware in clusters of thousands. The “One solution for all” is

Database security mainly concerns with protecting data and the applications of the databases that are stored. In the realms of Information security and computer security, the database security is the special topic. Database administrators may also be responsible for misconfiguration of controls within the software where database is stored. Database monitoring is also an important security layer. Electronic signatures and encryption and many other new technique are introduced to protect databases. Over the years, the database security has developed a very large number of different techniques to assure integrity, availability, and data confidentiality. However, there are also threats, which are related to these databases. The threats take advantage of the loop wholes in these databases. As discussed earlier in the outline about how this security issue has brought huge problems in the company. Databases are the integral part of the company because it contains a lot of sensitive information about the company and even the information of their clients is stored in these databases. Therefore, their security is of high importance and each company in the market should consider it, as the world is becoming a data oriented.1

The goal of our research paper is to provide a concise analysis on data security and privacy protection issues pertaining to data and databases as well as the current advancement/ breakthrough made and achieved in regards to database security and privacy concerns. We will also discuss in this paper some current solutions in the security market. First, we looked at the a trusted database model which makes it possible to shield database with absolute secrecy to benefit trusted equipment presented on the side of server and made to work at the charge of any cryptography which permits private data handling on a simple device.

Despite the various advantages of database management systems (DBMS), it is worth pointing out that it has its own shortcomings or disadvantages or rather challenges, and some of them include confidentiality, privacy and security: It is worth noting that when information is centralized and is accessed by a huge number of users remotely, the possibility of abuse are often more, as opposed to a conventional data processing system, thereby compromising the levels of confidentiality, privacy and security. Therefore, to reduce the chance of unauthorized users from accessing and abusing sensitive information, it is necessary to take technical, administrative, and possibly legal measures to curb such abuse if a database management system (DBMS) is to continue to serve its intended purpose of informing, entertaining and indeed educating the masses (Laudon, 2004:223).

Data management technology consists of data distribution and storage. The data is transmitted through common servers and stored in cloud storage systems with guarantees the safety of the data stored. All these

Distributed database brings the advantages of distributed computing to the database management domain. A distributed computing system consists of the number of processing elements that are connected in the computer network which performing certain tasks.

The basic concept of network convergence is to provide all the communication services such as voice, video and data within a single network to achieve its goal of delivering better services while lowering prices to consumers. There is a need for network convergence, as one single pipe is used to deliver all the communication services that help in regulating the overall network costs to a significant level. Both the users and service providers get benefitted by the adoption of convergence. The users can access a huge range of services, where as the service providers can benefit by entering into new markets. The network built on Ethernet allows users to access their applications on servers and the network built on Fiber Channel enables those servers to access huge amount of data on a storage network. The manufacturing cost and maintenance of these two networks is very expensive and hence it would be more cost-efficient to have just one network. So the converged network assures a highly scalable and a high-performance network with consistent management tools that can handle both Ethernet and storage traffic. Convergence is all about services and new ways of doing business as well as interacting with society.

The database network was arranged utilizing the most recent "SQL Connection" engineering gave by Microsoft Corporation.

A distributed system is a system with a model which is comprised of many components that are networked by use of computers to enable communication and coordination of passage of messages between the components in order to achieve a certain goal. The goal maybe a large computational problem. Coordination of the components comes as a result of different systems communicating to achieve one goal thus a coordinating mechanism is required. For this paper a deeper analysis on the World Wide Web which is a network application is done.