The Pros And Cons Of Cyber Hate Crime

Following the terror attacks in The Unites States in 2001, there has been an increase in Islamophobia in the Western World. Following 9/11, respondents indicate that levels of implicit or indirect discrimination in The United States rose by 82,6% and experiences of over discrimination by 76,3% (http://jiv.sagepub.com/content/21/3/317.short). A combination of how Arabs and Muslims are portrayed in the media, with the increase of organized terrorist groups and refugees since the Arabic Spring, makes this a big political challenge today. This bibliography is written to get an overview of why Islamophobia has increased and the challenges that comes with the rise of Islamophobia.

A 2006 Today/Gallup poll found that 44% of Americans had the perception that all Muslims were too extreme in their religious beliefs and 22% of the respondents would not want a Muslim as a neighbor. Islamophobia in America skyrocketed as a result of the 9/11 attacks and changed the way that Muslim-Americans and other Americans were able to interact with one another. These statistics show that there was significant fear of Muslims in the years after 9/11. In the years following the attacks, the number of hate crimes against Muslims in America spiked and have not dropped to pre-attack levels since. As Graph 1 shows, in 2001, there were a reported 481 hate crimes and majority of these would have occurred in the months following September. Although

Because of public humiliation, Raza lived every day in shame and fear. Furthermore, Facebook is online social media which we can share our pictures, or news with our friends. On the other side, Facebook is considered as a device to attract people. For instance, someone made a fake new to blame a student at Lewis and Clark University in Portland, Ore for being sexual offense. Due to the protection of privacy, they don’t use his real name; however, all over Facebook called him “rapist”. Further, we are all human races, if we don’t like to get hurt, why we hurt other with our words. In case we hadn’t posted the video of a South Korean student online who was named “Dog poop girl”, she wouldn’t have dropped out of college. Because of our joke,we can cause irrevocable harm to someone else’s life Likewise, Bennett also noticed, “ For people who use blogs and social-networking sites like diaries, putting their personal imformation out there for the world to see, this presents a serious risk.” (92). Most people agree with her argument because social media is virtual world, and we can’t identify good or bad people. In some case, identity thief steals our personal information and used for different

Hate crimes are very common in today’s society, they can range from various ethnicities and orientations as well as the severity of the crime committed. A hate crime is defined as “the violence of intolerance and bigotry, intended to hurt and intimidate someone because of their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious, sexual orientation, or disability. The purveyors of hate use explosives, arson, weapons, vandalism, physical violence, and verbal threats of violence to instill fear in their victims, leaving them vulnerable to more attack and feeling alienated, helpless, suspicious and fearful”. These attacks are fueled by a hatred for the victim’s personal lifestyle. As mentioned above, hate crimes are not specific to one group of people, the crimes can be found in every aspect of society, some are just more obvious than others. In a 2014 study it was found that 51 percent of hate crimes were motivated by the victims ethnicity. Race was the second highest rate of motivation. According to this study, it has been determined that majority of hate crimes can be classified as “simple assaults”. In relation to these statistics it is estimated that only 4% of the assaults resulted in an arrest. It is also believed that more than 60% of hate crimes are not reported. These are not reported because the victims think that nothing will come out of reporting their attacks. Also, the actual victims reported only 22% of hate crimes, while someone else reported 12%. These types crimes

The American debate regarding censorship of hate speech is moving from traditional forms to newer ones found online. In particular, the internet has become a key organizing tool for hate groups. There is a large growing group of Internet members who can access the Internet and can have the opportunity to express an opinion about anything to compose their thoughts to the World Wide Web audience. The Internet allows freedom of expression without any limitations or regulation. Some viewers find the resultant of speech to be exciting and other viewers see speech over the Internet to be insulting, degrading, and offensive. Often when people are interacting on social media they cross over the line. Frequently one person’s right to free

Currently, the anti-Muslim and anti-immigration political party is gaining more and more support all over the world, making it the third largest political group worldwide under the pre-text that “It isn’t Islamophobia when they ARE trying to kill you (barenakedislam).” While activists spread misleading information about Muslims to help protect their nation and culture, the public needs to stop accepting most media about Muslims as truth because it causes prejudice towards immigrants of middle-Eastern origin, it creates a fear of terror in our society, and it contributes to violence based on misinformation.

To Bakar 's point, public figures, such as President-elect Donald Trump, through fear inciting speech, has created a social "us" versus "them" social binary. His call to ban all Muslims is not only distasteful, but he makes an ignorant, un-presidential blanket statement that harms the global perception of Muslim Americans. Last year, it was recorded that 78 mosques had been attacked and 2016 is on track to reach these number of attacks. As a direct result of the recent election, there has inevitably been an increase in anti-Muslim rhetoric and one can only assume that the projection of hate crimes committed against Muslim Americans will continue to rise. People of color are regularly targeted victims of Islamophobic rhetoric—not by these "terrorists"—but instead by those who perpetuate and act on white supremacist misconceptions. These racist groups dehumanize Muslim-Americans for "looking like terrorist" (as if terrorism can be personified) and are wrongly scrutinized based on mere appearance. Even as participants of western democracy, Muslim-Americans often question their role as citizens in a society that has cast them as the "feared other."

Racism and dissemination based on hatred and racial superiority were pressing social problem prior to the emergence of the information age and digital communications. Long before the internet entered our homes racist groups made use of other communication tools including the telephone networks as far back as the 1970s. However the advancement of the digital communication age has added a new dimension to this problem by providing individuals in organizations modern and powerful means to support racism in xenophobia. The Internet is becoming our main means of communication creating a unique set of challenges and communication barriers particularly when it comes to the proliferation of extremist and racist material. The internet functions as a dangerous facilitator for various racist messages, and the proliferation of racist material will continue with the increased usage of the internet.

Often, offenders are deprived of their liberties to prevent damage and impairment of public institutions and practices, in accordance with the public harm principle. EXPLAIN (1 SENTENCE) The reasons for a hate crime, can correlate with one’s behavior. This can be a result of repressed memories and feelings of guilt to commit the crime, according to the psychoanalytical theory as there is a compelling need to be punished. The accused perhaps was forced to believe at an early age, one religion was the blame for violence, as there was a constant reminder from a guardian or the media. The accused was forced to believe this, however felt it was incorrect, thus commits the crime to be punished for such degrading thoughts. As well, when examining the situation through the conflict theory, the accused may argue that their morality is defined by their social group which hold a struggle to maintain and keep their power. The social group may be ISIS, or a specific culture/religion which is unknown in this article. It can be predicted that this social group has set morals of victimizing a

Laila Lalami, American novelist and essayist, talks about how many people were quite unfamiliar with the term “Islamophobia,” just a short while ago. However, this term is popular today, and it is not a rarity to fall under this title in America today. Lalami includes how authors like Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris argued that there is no such thing as “Islamophobia”. Lalami being a Muslim shares her encounters with racists and people who showed discriminatory actions towards her and her family. Despite the fact that there are Muslim extremists that participate in evil doings today like ISIS or the Taliban, Muslims are still ordinary people with morals and good ethics to follow. Lalami includes several real-life examples of how the Muslim

Furthermore, the hate crime category was the most popular topic chosen. We decided as a group to look at the “Stop Hate UK” poster as a starting point to get an idea of what hate crime involves. The poster lists the types of abuse, ranging from disability, sexual orientation to religion and faith. Therefore, this is where the young people chose to pick the race element. (Stop Hate UK. 2017). In both crime and law, hate crime, is usually violent, prejudice motivated crime that occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a certain social group. “It is not enough to explain racism as a personal prejudice or the wicked misdeeds of a bigoted minority, such as members of extreme right-wing organisations. In fact, this more overt type of racial discrimination is referred to by many as ‘racialism’ to distinguish it from wider concepts of racism.” (Nelson. 1990). I tried to empower the group by helping them develop their leadership with the group activities and discussions, also to then help them educate other young people and members of the community on this subject, as many would not have experienced it or come forward if they have in fear.

Western countries as The United States have technology that is advancing everyday, teenagersare constantly on social meia. Social media is the biggest source of information, yet teenagers are still getting wrong and unreliable information. Unreliable information is connected to the increase of islamophobia in Western societies, in an article published by The University of Waterloo, written by sociologist Sarah Wilkins-Laflamme states “Those Adhering to the islamic faith seem to be the most feared and targeted in Western societies, more than any other immigrant group” (Wilkins-Laflamme 87) . Laflamme statement shows that in recent years Islamophobia has become stronger with the recent high-profile events. Teenagers are not getting the full information they need to understand the complex war that is going on

In recent years, especially with extremely large spread of social networks came to the widespread use of hate speech. We can not make a difference, whether it is hate speech, hate crime or any other form of discrimination. Legislation in this area is not clear, because social networks typically remain outside the laws so that confuses institutions that should decide on such items.

In this article a social issue must be addressed worldwide, which is incidents happening against Muslims due to the misconceptions of their religion and assumption of terrorism among them. Hate crime is a criminal offence and a person could be imprisoned for up to 3 years if convicted. In Canada, a hate crime is defined as any criminal offence against a person, group or property that is motivated by hatred or prejudice towards an identifiable group. The following are grounds under the Criminal Code of Canada: Race, colour, ethnicity, language, religion, age, mental or physical disability, sex or sexual

The connection between Islam and terrorism was not intensified until the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center that pushed the Islamic faith into the national and international spotlight (Smith, 2013). As Smith (2013) articulated, “Many Americans who had never given Islam a second thought before 9/11 now had to figure out how to make sense of these events and relate to the faith tradition that ostensibly inspired them” (p. 1). One way in which people made sense of these events was through the media channels that influenced their overall opinions by shaping a framework of censored ideas (Yusof, Hassan, Hassan & Osman, 2013). In a survey conducted by Pew Forum (2012), 32% of people reported that their opinions of Muslims were greatly influenced by the media’s portrayal of Islam that depicted violent pictorials and fundamentalist Muslims. Such constant negative depiction is likely to lead to the inevitable—prejudice and hate crime. For instance, in 2002 alone there were approximately 481 hate crimes that were carried out against Muslims (Smith, 2013). Ever since the 9/11 attacks Muslim people have been the target of “suspicion, harassment and discrimination” (Talal, n.d., p. 9).