The Pros And Cons Of Selective Breeding Of Animals By Humans

People breed animals for testing and that’s not right. Scientists purchase the animals from breeders to be used in research. Primates, dogs, cats, are less than 1% of the animals used in testings. Also, scientists buy purpose animals from USDA-licensed breeders or they

Dog breeding is dangerous because to make a perfect dog they too often inbreed and cause birth defects and other health issues in dogs. Terry Allen, an “In These Times” senior editor who has written the magazine’s monthly investigative health and science column since 2006, argues in “We’re Breeding Dogs to Death” that “neither price, pedigree nor being loved like a member of the family can shield a dog from the pain, breathing difficulties, cancer, panoply of debilitating genetic disorders, mental illness, crippling physiognomy and shortened life span that disproportionately plague purebreds.” The article “Selective Breeding or Artificial Selection” explains that in dogs, the “frequency of being homozygous for rare recessive disorders increases when inbreeding occurs, potentially causing severe

Humans have been manipulating genetic transfer for over 10,000 years since our hunter- gatherer ancestors began to settle in one place and started farming and planting crops. Those humans observed and chose organisms from natural selection to select and breed organisms that showed characteristics desired by them and this began the process of selective breeding. Selective breeding favours recessive alleles that do not persist in wild populations. Selective breeding is a process of increasing the frequency of rare and recessive alleles so that they appear in homozygous form. This has the effect of eliminating the alleles for wild type from the population and the process of domestication has become irreversible. The domestic species has become dependent on humans for their survival. It is from these domestic species that humans have selected and breed favourable genetic traits for their benefit, be it higher yield in plant crops, sweeter tasting fruit, and more milk from dairy cows or ease of handling stock, selective breeding continues to be used today.

All around the world, dogs suffer daily from not just their owners, but from their own bodies. Inbreeding and extreme breed standards lower the quality of life for purebred dogs (Rooney and Sargan). Puppy mills, despite government crackdown, continue to operate and sell ill, disfigured dogs (Solotaroff). Breeding purebred dogs only for profit and not for the wellbeing of the dog, is unethical, because of puppy mills, dog defects due to this kind of breeding, and dog quality of life.

Breeding wildlife in captivity is done for multiple reasons including preventing extinction of species (Captive). Yet, is captive breeding the only way to prevent extinction? Several breeding programs also partner with a reintroduction program. These two programs could slow extinction or better yet stop it. Captive breeding programs attempt to breed the wildlife in zoos. Zoos are required to have a studbook. In the book are records of parents, deaths, and births of each individual of a particular species. The data is analyzed and a repost is sent to a program’s coordinator (Captive). Reintroduction programs takes rehabilitated and descendants of captive breeding individuals attempting to reestablish the species in their natural habitat (Reintroduction). There has been success and failures with both programs.

Selective breeding also could cause a decrease in biodiversity due to inbreeding. Inbreeding is the production of breeding between closely related individuals [2] and is used as it increases the chance of having favourable alleles and desirable phenotypes in the offspring. However, due to the individuals close genetic relations to one another this can cause many problems for the biodiversity of the population of dairy cows. Traits that may be disadvantageous now will be continuously chosen against during genomic selection and embryo transfer as the DNA is being scanned and checked for undesirable traits. However, this disadvantageous trait may become an advantageous trait in the future but it will be lost through the generations of selective breeding against it and are difficult to get back. As a result, this affects the evolution of the species as a whole because they develop and change to suit the desirable traits chosen which results in the undesirable traits being lost altogether.

Animal breeding is a commonly used process all over the world, used to bring new puppies into the world for young children and families, or farm animals for more farming production. However what most do not know is that those animals are not always from a nice pet store or a facility that treats their animals well. Breeding animals like dogs or farming animals in places that are illegal often times leads to forms of abuse for them. Puppy mills often times sell dogs that went through painful treatment and are typically sick in some way. Health & Beauty Close - Up interviewed some animal organizations who says a puppy mill is, “a dog-breeding operation, which offers dogs for monetary compensation or remuneration, in which the physical, psychological and/or behavioral needs of the dogs are not being fulfilled due to inadequate housing, shelter, staffing, nutrition, socialization, sanitation, exercise, veterinary care, and/or inappropriate breeding” ("Pet Industry and Animal Welfare Organizations Team to Address Puppy Mill Abuse"). Some farming industries end up treating their animals bad their entire lives or not even giving them the chance at life. Breeding farm animals or dogs in mills should be banned because of terrible living conditions, breeding being used for their profits, and giving animals illness or causing death.

Exploitation of cloned animal species is an ethical concern surrounding cloning extinct species. As the newly reintroduced species would be fascinating to humans, the species would likely be exhibited or used in other ways for some businesses to make money. Besides the disadvantages listed, there are many developments still to be made on cloning extinct animals (Adams, 2010, p. 190). There is no way for scientists to know the exact results of such a thing until it is done. The scientific evidences on health and well-being of cloned animals that are used for domestication have not been found yet.

Selective breeding has been used for many years to achieve the expression of desired traits in animals and plants. Similar to natural selection, humans have developed artificial selection where humans select the most desirable traits instead of the environment, this is what’s known as selective breeding. But in fact selective breeding does not select for the fittest phenotype like in natural selection it actually selects for the most desirable phenotypes which may cause harm to the individual.

Since the inception of domestication approximately 10000 years ago, humans have been selectively breeding animals so that only their desirable traits remain, a process called artificial selection. Through artificial selection we have been creating species that perform tasks more efficiently and effectively, and serve our needs in a multitude of ways. Furthermore, the benefits of artificial selection are remarkably similar to genetically modified animals in many key ways. The increase in resilience, pharmaceutical benefits, and productivity are just a few of the many significant reasons why genetically modified animals should be supported and accepted in our world today.

Experimenting on animals dates back to the roman times, but since then the animal experimentation industry has grown massively and is now a multi-billion dollar industry. Every year millions of animals are killed in laboratory experiments worldwide. Animals are sometimes skinned alive and left to bleed to death. I decided to conduct this research because I worry about animal welfare. There are many different scenarios in which animals are experimented on. These include Medical research where testing on animals is not aimed at finding cures but finding ways of improving treatments to reduce things such as side effects. Medical testing on animals has and will continue to help the future of medicine. Genetic engineering is the fastest growing area of the animal experimentation franchise, already there are thousands of genetically modified animals. Product testing is where products such as makeup

Crossbreeding animals is a touchy subject for some farmers and ranchers in the United States. The reason behind this is because there are colleges trying to event new breeds like brangus(1/2 Brahman and 1/2 angus) but colleges are having difficulty with animal mutations when they start to cross more than 3 breeds. This causes animals to have 2 heads, leg deformities, and many other things. People may ask why do farmers and ranchers care? They care because when an animal has a deformity they often die, which causes the farmer to lose money. People are probably thinking why don't we just pure breed animals. In purebred operations offsprings are often mated to grandparents or great grandparents, and this often leads to inbreeding. If inbreeding

Dogs. They are cute, cuddly, and adored worldwide. Especially bulldogs. According to the article “Is The Bulldog Doomed?”, they are the most adored animal in the U.S. But they are also suffering. Their shape and size cause them pain and medical issues constantly. What is the cause of this, you may wonder? Well, this is all due to dog breeding. “Is The Bulldog Doomed?” and the “How Are Dog Breeds Created?” video both use this information as an argument for changing breeding standards. Both the article and the video make it clear how and why bulldogs are so negatively affected by artificial selection, and that it is our job to at least try to fix it.

By selectively breeding dogs for appearance, the gene pool of the different breeds is shrinking at an alarming rate. In the article, “Genetic diversity, inbreeding and breeding practices in dogs” by Leroy Grégoire, the topic of the genetic pool in dogs is discussed as an ill effect selective breeding has on it. The article tests the gene pool of dogs and comes to the conclusion of a decreasing trend in the data. Grégoire (2011) addressed the decrease of the gene pool in dogs by saying, “Since the basis of artificial selection is that only a limited number of chosen animals are allowed to reproduce, it is logical to find that there is a large inequality in the use of breeding animals in domestic species” (p. 179). In doing so, the genetic diversity

Each year 20 million animals are produce and breed for the only purpose but to be tested on. Fifty-three thousands of animals are used each year in medical and veterinary schools. The rest is used in basic research. The demand for animals in the United States