The Pros And Cons Of The Madrid Agreement

In order to understand the evolvement of the Single Market of the European Union, one has to take the general background into consideration. Therefore, it is important to have a look at the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty) which gave birth to the creation of the Single Market. Having been the Common Market before the Maastricht treaty, the European Economic Community (EEC) Treaty already clarified the objective of cooperation between member states. Throughout the Single Market, those objectives should be transformed into reality.

There have been various stages of economic growth between the countries of the European Union since 1958, when its history began. The pen-ultimate stage of its integration was a common or single market. Within a single market there a no tariffs between member countries and there are common external tariffs against countries outside the agreement. A single market is a strong form of integration involving the establishment of a common system of taxation, common laws relating to employment

In considering the international realm, let’s consider the concept of economic treaties. Specifically, let's think about an organization like the European Union (EU). Why was it formed? In addition, what are some of the objectives of the nations that are joining the EU?

Since 1996, the European Union's Trademark Regulation has allowed a single trademark registration enforceable in all members of the European Union.

The Internal Market of the European Union (EU) is one of Europe’s significant achievements and its greatest resource in times of modern globalisation. Since its creation in 1993, the Internal Market has opened itself more to competition, created jobs and reduced many trade barriers. It is the principal instrument for building a stronger and fairer economy in the EU. It assures the free movement of people, services, goods and capital, and by doing so, creates fresh opportunities for businesses and consumers. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union adopts measures with the aim of combining national markets in a single market with the characteristics of a domestic market. The vision is that it should be as easy to trade between London and Madrid as it is between London and Manchester.

The Mexican-Canadian agreement eliminated most tariffs either immediately or over 5, 10, or 15 years. Tariffs between the two nations affecting trade in dairy, poultry, eggs, and sugar are preserved" (United States Department of Farming, Foreign Agricultural Service).

Since establishment of Uniform Commercial Code, it has had direct impact on the international commerce. It is through international commerce that importation and exportation among the countries have been facilitated and this has given nations opportunity to take competitive advantage for their enhancement. Uniform Commercial Code has offered goods and services to the business in improving the quality among the international marketing. When there is growth, the international trade becomes popular within the global organizations. Due to this development, the organizations in smaller regions will have the opportunity to compete their products against the popular regions.

The Treaty between Spain and Portugal was signed on September 4th in 1479 between the Catholic Monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side and Afonso V and his son, Prince John of Portugal, on the other side. It put an end to the War of the Castilian Succession, which ended with a victory of the Catholic Monarchs on land and a Portuguese victory on the sea. The peace treaty was signed at Alcáçovas. The audience for the Treaty between Spain and Portugal was the people of higher power. In Spain the higher power that the treaty applied to was king and queen of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Sicily, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Majorca, Seville, Sardinia, Cordova, Corsica, Murcia, Jaen, the Algarves, Algeciras, and Gibraltar; count and countess of Barcelona; lord and lady of Biscay and Molina; duke and duchess of Athens and Neopatras; count and countess of Roussillon and Cerdagne; marquis and marchioness of Oristano and Gociano. The higher power in Portugal was the King and Queen of Portugal and the Algarves. The Treaty between Spain and Portugal was also for anyone in the council of both parties and the Catholic Monarchs. The overall argument for the treaty between Spain and Portugal was Joanna la Beltraneja, Queen of Portugal, and Alfonso V, King of Portugal, gave away their rights to the Castilian throne in favor to the Catholic Monarchs, who gave Joanna and Alfonso the throne of Portugal. Another agreement in the treaty was the sharing of the Atlantic territories between the two countries. The treaty also was made to manifest who gets what land. Portugal recognized Castile's rights over the Canary Islands but Portugal was able to win the navigating, conquering and trading in all the Atlantic Ocean south of the Canary Islands. To this day, The Treaty between Spain and Portugal can be seen as a landmark in the history of colonialism. It is one of the first international documents that shows how the European’s purpose was to separate the world and colonize the territories located within their areas, and that any indigenous peoples living there are not asked for their consent. This could be seen as a general accepted principle in the ideology and practice of European powers up to the 20th century decolonization. The treaty

The roots of the European Union can be traced back to the early 1950’s when a small number of countries made a decision to join together as a way to resolve any potential conflict nurture economic growth and common values across the continent. There was a desire to promote common values and membership was opened to all European countries. Since the inception the number of members has grown from a founding six countries to what we now know as the modern day EU with a current total of 28 countries with a further 8 countries under application review. In 1992, what was then a group of twelve countries, joined together to form the Customs Community Code which was eventually introduced in January 1993. The code effectively merged the individual customs regulations in to a single customs union.

It is obvious that the free movement of goods is fundamental to the achievement of the European Union(EU)’s aims and the Court of Justice of the EU (ECJ). It is an economic ideals to create a single trading block in which all factors of goods to flow freely. As it is one of the success stories in the EU’s project where most major restriction on the free movement of goods have been removed. The availability of such derogation is a recognition that the need to ensure the creation and maintenance of the internal market, allowing state regulation and the aim of free movement of goods to be reconciled. Hence, ECJ has taken the stance that national rules must not be allowed state regulation to hinder the free movement of goods, as interpreting

The implementation of the Lisbon Treaty gave rise to the European Parliament becoming a key participant in the field of European Criminal Justice. Since the 1990s the European Union has been gradually constructing a framework of measures designed to enhance the cooperation between Member States in the area of criminal investigations and prosecutions. A fundamental aim of the EU is to construct an area of freedom justice and security without internal boundaries, and with full respect for basic human rights, all of these factors are interlinked. The success in one area of the criminal justice system relies on the cooperation in other areas. In order for the European Union to ensure that cross-border criminal proceedings are effective and at the same time fair, the principle of mutual recognition and how operational it is within measures must be considered. The Framework Decision on the European Arrest Warrant (EAW) was adopted ten years and was the first concrete measure to acknowledge the principle of mutual recognition. Since then there has been proposed measures established to try and eradicate some of the issues which have arose through the EAW. Two such measures are the proposed European Investigation Order (EIO) and the newer proposed European Public Prosecutors Office (EPPO). The purpose of this paper is to analyse The EAW and how it has been transposed into European law, assessing any problems with its functions. It will consider the potential of two

The Lisbon treaty followed the disastrous Constitutional Treaty of 2004 that was rejected in referendums in France and the Netherlands. After a period of reflection, negotiations began for another treaty (Laursen, 2013:9). These negotiations continued for months, after which it was left to the Portuguese presidency to complete the Treaty, and thus the Treaty became known as the Lisbon Treaty. It was signed in Lisbon on 13 December 2007, but only entered into force on 1 December 2009 following ratification problems, particularly in Ireland (Cini and Borragen, 2013:51). Attitudes towards the Lisbon Treaty differ widely (Laursen, 2013: 9). For some, the Treaty simply sets out incremental reforms designed to make the EU more accountable and

In the aftermath of the 1957 Treaty , the European Economic Community (EEC) was established and customs barriers between the member states have been abolished. Member States throughout the Community, can “promote a harmonious development of economic activities, a continuous and balanced expansion, an increased stability, an accelerated raising of the standard of living and closer relations between them”. Therefore, in order for a common market to be established between Member States, the Community enacted some legislative provisions which aimed to a true harmonization of laws; incorporate different legal systems under a basic legal framework. The main issue arising is whether these legal provisions in accordance with the case law, ensured the free movement of goods within this market.

One of the main objectives of the European Union (EU) is the establishment of the internal market, which shall consist of “area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured. The internal market is based upon a customs union achieved through the abolition of the imposition of customs duties and charges having an equivalent effect and the prohibition of discriminatory taxes on intra-EU imports. The internal market is enhanced by the provisions on free movement of workers, freedom of establishment, free movement of services, and free movement of capital. Whereas Articles 28 to 30 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provide for the establishment of an EU common external tariff and the elimination of customs duties, Articles 34 and 35 of the TFEU (with exceptions under Article 36) go further, and prohibit quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect. Taken together, Articles 28 to 32 and 34 to 36 serve to ensure the free movement of goods within the EU and to facilitate the operation of the internal market.

With the effect of the Single European Act on 1st July 1987, the emergence of European Union (EU) as a common market has essentially been created. The benefits of this act are substantial to European firms, economies, and workers. It eliminates conflicting national regulations and trade barriers, as well as offering firms opportunity to sell their goods to all other EU members (Griffin & Pustay 2005).