The Provision Of Fair Benefits

Similar to Gilens’ findings, Alesina, Glaeser, and Sacerdote (2001) concluded that Americans redistribute less based on both political and behavioral explanations. In their pursuit to understand why European states have higher rates of economic redistribution than their American counterpart, the authors found that “Americans redistribute less than Europeans because (1) the majority believes that redistribution favors racial minorities”, (2) Americans believe they live in a meritocracy, and (3) the American political system makes redistribution harder to achieve (p.39). Thus, the majority of Americans believe that most of the impoverished are racial minorities, and due to the free are fair economy, they are to blame for their own poverty. Just as Gilens

Of Brody’s three arguments presented, the correction to exploitation is easily criticized. If we were to agree that the country as a whole cannot be considered when deciding whether or not exploitation is evident, and only focus on the participants, another issue arises. One can then say that those in the control group are being exploited, due to the lack of knowledge that they are not receiving the treatment being tested. Because the subjects agreed to participate on the basis that they would receive treatment, not giving them the treatment is the exact meaning of exploitation. Also, by being placed in the treatment group, they have not benefited from the study at all, making the treatment group the only subjects to not have been exploited.

A number of key terms describe the system of ethical considerations that the modern research establishments have set up to protect the rights of research subjects. Voluntary participation and confidentiality are principles that demands that the respondents to be free from coercion in any way when participating in the research, protected in the raw data, and published

Informed consent gives the participant the choice of agreeing to part-take in the research whilst simultaneously encompasses the responsibility of the researcher to deliver all the information about the study, its purpose, results, harm, sponsors and the identity of the researchers to the potential participants (McLaughlin 2006, 64). However, several populations, such as children, person with intellectual or mental disabilities will face barriers in comprehending the given information (Wiles, Health, Crow & Charles, 2005; Campbell 1997, p.32). As NCRM manifested, from the field of psychology it has been demonstrated that different methods of information provision impacts the individuals understanding of the research (Wiles, Health, Crow & Charles, 2005). This is particularly a fundamental challenge with groups such as refugees as researchers need to be extra cautious when providing information so the implication of the research is understood. For example, in many instances refugees are shocked to find their stories in public domains through DVDs and magazine, displaying they were unable to understand the repercussions of a released DVD or media article despite giving informed consent (Pittaway, Bartolomei & Hugman 2010, p.233). Furthermore, researchers negotiate access to participants through a range of gatekeepers such as school, organisations and care settings who have no legal rights in the

The issue of federal income tax policy has been one of hot debate and controversy for many years. Discussions and arguments on the issue have been presented on the floors of Congress, in the United States Supreme Court, used by politicians as political platforms, broadcasted in televised debates, and discussed around the dinner table of American families of various socioeconomic backgrounds for years. The Federal Government of the United States of America, like any governing body whether it be at a national, state, or local level, works (for lack of a better word) to generate revenue to make possible the funding of many public programs and services and repayment of national debt. Of course, the easiest

Informed consent is a method that was established to protect human participants. Bertha Schrems discusses the importance of informed consent in her article “Informed consent, vulnerability and the risks of group-specific attribution”. Research participants are sometimes threatened by abuse or exploitation and the possibility of harm through research. To

The main focus of nursing is to give excellent, holistic care to improve quality of life and prevent illnesses. In doing so it is important to maintain justice for all patients regardless of the situation. Justice, in health care, is being fair to all patients and treating them equally no matter their age, race, religion, or background. (Butts & Rich, 2016, p. 46) In healthcare ethics, this can be divided into two categories: distributive justice; which is the fair distribution of resources and social justice; which is the setting that everyone should have the same rights, advantages, and opportunities. Social justice proves to be a difficult task to attain in our world, but there are constant adjustments and improvements being made. (Butts & Rich, 2016, p. 47)

Bell (2005) mentioned that ethical research involves acquiring informed consent of people to be interviewed, questioned, observed or taken materials from and reaching to an understanding of how the data will be used and analysis will be reported and published. In guiding the activities of researchers, Denscombe (2010) described three ethical; “protection of participants’ interest”, “avoiding deception or misinterpretation” and “informed consent of participants”.

Who Should Receive Entitlements?      As part of American ideals, the government has a responsibility to take a role in maintaining the financial security of it’s citizens who are in need. Benefits are given to help those who are unable to provide for themselves, and those who they are responsible forothers who need help. Although some people become dependent on these grants, the majority of those who receive them truly need them. Support offered by the government needs to be strictly supervised to help provide that these public help program’s are not being taken advantage of.

However, instead researchers negotiate access through a range of gatekeepers such as school organisations, care settings e.tc. who have no legal rights in respect to the person’s decision to participate In research but generally have control over places where people are accessed. Similarly, they also have jurisdiction to determine the ways in the participant is informed about a study in the process of consent, which can influence the decision of partisans . Alternative, another concern arises in realted tmportance of appropriate informed consent is in inn _____ study whereby he notes that I many instances refuges are shocked to find their stories’s in public domains through DVDs and magazine, stating they are unable to understand the implication of a released DVD or media article despite informed consent. Another issue discussed by _______, use to community leads and those familiar with language, social systems and culture might exert tight control on the community, hence the consent might not voluntary. Consequently, the community elder might give consent to disclose information whilst the rest of the community might not agree with the decision and hence face negative consequences of a third parties

In order to protect the subjects ethically and legally in this research project and in accordance with the ethical principles discussed above, researchers will obtain informed consent by describing all the potential benefits and risks of this study to the participants. The risks would include: 1) the possibility that the participants would have an increased level of distress and anxiety throughout the project, 2) the possibility of being identified as a participant in the research project, 3) the inconvenience of the project and opportunity costs such as using participants own gas to drive to an interview, 4) exploitation such as participants feeling pressurized to participate because of a sense of duty 5) Misrepresentation which means that

First and foremost the participants must be voluntary. In all ethical research when conducting research there must be willing participants. Research has shown that when participants volunteer they shouldn’t feel coerced, threatened or bribed into participation. Second, informed consent must be described at the onset of the study. Participants are told about the procedures and informed of any potential risks; there also should be documented in written form, ensuring the participant know about the experiment and can make informed decisions about whether or not they want to participate. Meanwhile, this can present problems in cases where telling the participants the necessary details about the experiment might unduly influence their responses or behaviors in the study. However, it is stated in this article which allows in certain instances, but only if the study would be impossible to conduct without the use of deception, if the research will provide some sort of valuable insight and if the subjects will be debriefed and informed about the study's true purpose after the data has been collected searchers Must Maintain Participant Confidentiality. Finally, while guidelines can provide some ethical standards for research, each study can pose different unique challenges. Likewise, confidentiality is a part of any ethical research. Participants need to be guaranteed that

There are several issues faced in this study case. All three principles (respect for persons, beneficence, and justice) that researchers are supposed to abide by are questioned in this study. Were the participates consider to have autonomy, if not did the researchers still continue? Was proper informed consent giving? If so, was the information fully comprehended? Was their agreement to participate coerced or voluntary? These questions help determine if the researchers had respect for person. In the case of beneficence, were the benefits of the experiment maximized and were the risk minimized? Was there any harm caused to the men? Were they aware of the potential harm? Was it justified why a vulnerable population was chosen to conduct the

In “Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials in Developing Countries,” Baruch Brody claims that the issues of coercive offers is not well founded “simply because a good opportunity is being offered to those with few opportunities.” I think this is wrong because it is virtually impossible for participants in such settings to freely and voluntarily join a clinical trials. Voluntariness pushes subjects to have no other option but to enter clinical trials and are therefore not able to make uncoerced decisions. Poverty and poor education makes it more difficult to make uncoerced decisions and impossible to get informed consent in the clinical trials. With valid informed consent in clinical trials in developing countries there would be less coercive offers and focus on subject’s autonomy. To do this, researchers first need to informed the participants the risk and benefits of the clinical trials. Secondly, participants must understand this information and how it is related to the clinical trial. Finally, individuals must make a voluntary and uncoerced decision whether to participate.

Therefore, more human subject research sponsored by the United States is carried out in third world countries (Klitzman, 2012). Consequently, a popular reason for the current trend to conduct human subject research in third world countries is that clinical trials are cheaper (Klitzman, 2012). In addition, the epidemics of malaria, TB, and HIV/AIDS are more prevalent in developing countries (Klitzman, 2012). As a result, wealthier countries such as the United States want to conduct clinical trials where it is cheaper and the prevalence of diseases is higher. However, research participants in developing countries have a higher chance of being exploited for their participation (McMillan, 2010). Therefore, it is essential that scientists and researchers who conduct human subject research abroad still conduct research with the highest standards. However, Institutional Review Boards are gaining popularity overseas and more are being established although, majority of the members lack expertise and resources (Klitzman, 2012). As a result, human subject are more vulnerable in third world countries. In addition, a variety of health systems overseas participate in a variety of corruption acts (Klitzman, 2012). Overall, if researchers are going to conduct research overseas they need to respect the individual and protect their dignity and rights. Overall, if researchers are