The Public Health Surveillance And Program Planning Models

According to Dr. David Sackett (1996) Evidence Based Practice (EBP) is “the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of the individual patient. It means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research.”

I believe the most important aspect to successful implement evidence-based practice is a common understanding and stress of the importance of EBP among health care professionals. Everyone need to be on the same page and understand that practice methods that are not backed by evidence are no longer acceptable. I believe the facility needs to have a mandatory meeting with all the health care professionals and discuss how EBP will be implemented into their facility. I also believe that there should be repercussions if EBP is not put into place.

Over the past two decades, EBP has expanded on Florence's theories. EBP constitutes the combination of clinical expertise, patient values, and research evidence when making decisions about patient care. In the 1990's, it was determined that just increasing knowledge was not sufficient for improving patient outcomes. To obtain better patient outcomes "new knowledge must be transformed into clinically useful forms, effectively implemented across the entire care team within a systems context,

According to Dr. David Sackett, Evidence Based Practice (EBP) is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of the individual patient. It is a clinical decision-making process in which clinicians use theory-derived, research-based knowledge to inform their decisions about care delivery. Most importantly, consideration of individual needs, preference and resources must be included.

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) was initially a movement in medicine, dating back to early 20th century (Spring, 2007). It was described as a careful decision making process about the care of individual patients using best available evidence by Sackett, Rosenberg, Gary, Haynes, and Richardson (1996). Greenhalgh (2010) gave a similar definition but with more emphasis on the mathematical assessment of the potential benefit and harm. By now, EBP has been widely adopted by many health disciplines, including psychology. In 2005, the American

Evidence-based practice is a formulation of ideas, research and conclusions to formulate the best possible health care choice (Hood, 2014). In health care the process of utilizing current information begins with a question can something be done better, can the patients benefit as a result and is it cost effective, EBP seeks new information to replace old or outdated information. When there are doubts if something can be done better a research team collects data on the subject using unbiased information they analyze the data, design interventions that are based on the new evidence and makes their final recommendations on their findings (Hood,

In a health care organization, it is important that the organization’s mission, philosophies, and ethics are followed through properly. . With the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), it is no different. . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s “mission is to protect people’s health and to support the quality of life in humans by prevention and control of diseases, injuries, and disabilities” (About CDC, 2010, page or paragraph number with quotes). With the organization's mission, philosophies, and ethics it is important that everyone’s health is protected and proper prevention of diseases, illnesses, and disabilities are given to the public in a timely manner. In this paper, the members of Team A will “describe

However, there are some barriers to EBP. One barrier is lack of time, lack of resources, and the difficulty in understanding statistical analysis. Another barrier for nurses is the lack of time in being able to implement these new practices and the lack of authority the nurses have to be able to change the patient care procedures. “Implementation of EBP places additional demands on nurses to apply credible evidence to individual client situations through searching related evidence, using clinical judgments, and considering client values and system resources” (Majid, 2011). In order to make EBP successful it has to be adopted by nurses and other health care professionals.

It synthesizes the results of various primary studies by using strategies that reduces biases and random errors. These reviews follow a strict scientific design and provide consistent estimates about the effects of interventions, therefore, conclusions are defensible. Systematic reviews shows where knowledge is lacking and can be used to guide future research. These reviews are usually carried out in the areas of clinical tests such as diagnostic, screening and prognostic; public health interventions; economic evaluations; adverse effects and how and why interventions work. Cochrane reviews are systematic reviews undertaken by Cochrane Collaboration members, aims to help people to make well-informed decisions about healthcare by preparing, maintaining, and promoting the accessibility of systematic reviews of the effects of healthcare

Nursing organizations, particular the American Nursing Association coupled with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) are two of the chief driving forces, to push for EBP. According to (Houser, 2015, p. 12.), “evidence-based practice is quickly becoming the norm for effective nursing practice”. For gone are the days where nurses make decision or judgement based on intuition. We all know that numerous lives had been saved with this method, but we tend to ask ourselves when the outcome was unfavorable, what could we have done differently? Or why things did not work out the way we had expected. This is one of the reasons why the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) came into existence. (Houser, 2015, p.7) states that the mission is to “improve the health of individuals, families, communities and populations through evidence-based nursing

Nurses are cheered to integrate and apply EBP as part of their daily practice. EBP is “knowing that what we do is the best practice” (AMSN, 2014). EBP is very important in health care system and can dramatically change quality care and clinical outcomes. According from the Iowa/Titler Model from AMSN (2014), the EBP process have five steps:

Dominique Robert’s (2008) theoretical framework in the article “Prison and/as Public Health. Prison and Inmates as Vectors of Health in the New Public Health Era. The Case of Canadian Penitentiaries” focuses on structural elements that explain the use of correctional health care in the prison setting today and how this plays a role in the broader public health strategies in the outside community. He does this by explaining factors such as “the mobilisation of prison as a tool for the new public health” and "the production of inmates into healthcare ‘consumers’, along with the role of actuarial justice.”

Evidence Based Practice (EBP) is established on empirical evidence through scientific research. It is intended to promote/advance the quality of patient care services by utilizing the most updated data that was collected through various studies. In addition, Evidence Based Practice is also designed to help improve health care cost (Zaccagnini and White, 2014; Hamric et al., 2014).

EBP is “the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of the individual patient. It means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research.” (Sackett D, 1996)

Observational epidemiology is a study of disease where “the investigator ascertains exposure and outcome without assignment to an intervention” Observational studies have made important contributions to the knowledge and understanding of health-related conditions. These studies usually involve a large group of individuals as in a community. The purpose of this type of study is to determine the