The Reduction Of Weight Of Heavy Vehicles

Every year there is 1.3 billion tons of steel produced around the world. Steel is made in different sizes and categorized by how good the steel is, these is called grades and standards. Steel today is used in many things you wouldn’t even think of such as the armored vests policemen wear or jewelry. Stainless steel was invented in 1913 by Harry Brearley when he put 12.8% chromium and .24% carbon when the standard for steel was .12 - 2% carbon and 16 - 26% chromium. Stainless steel is used in almost all new home appliances and in Great Britain it was used for cars. Some buildings made with steel are the Chrysler building, the Empire State Building, and the Sears Tower. Another building made with tons of steel is the Burj Khalifa. It used 55,000 tons of steel to be made and at 2,717 feet it is the tallest building in the

* Coating material for manufacture of electrical steel from 7.5 per cent to 5 per cent

Aluminium (AL) alloy 6061 is one of the most extensively used of the 6000 series aluminium alloys. Among the various useful aluminium alloys, aluminium alloy 6061 is typically characterized by properties such as fluidity, cast ability, corrosion resistance and high strength-weight ratio. Aluminium-based alloy MMCs has received increasing attention in recent decades as engineering applications. This alloy has been commonly used as a base metal for MMCs reinforced with a variety of fibres, particles and whiskers. Tungsten carbide (WC) is approximately two times stiffer than steel, with a Young's modulus of approximately 550GPa, and is much denser than steel or titanium.

Steel has an intricate past and present. When scientist discovered how to mass-produce steel the moment marked the modern society’s genesis. During that time, the United States Steel Corporation dominated the steel industry. Today, the steel industry sees competition not only from native business but from abroad as well. Steel is used in almost every major commercial load bearing structure. Combined global competition and mixed uses has increased the need for civil engineers to conduct specialized research.

Open hearth processing has become obsolete and continuous casting and the electric arc furnace has been adopted. Information on the world steel industry including growth rates and production is listed in Exhibit 1.

It’s original primary uses were for knives, razors, and springs. Later, the production of steel become much easier, and therefore cheaper, making a much more practical and popular material. Some different types of steels for application include long steel, flat carbon steel, stainless steel, and COR-TEN, or self-weathering, steel. Long steel is primarily used for structures and heavy wires, flat carbon steel is used for major appliances. Stainless steel has many uses, including weapons and jewelry to name a couple. Self-weathering steel is used in vulnerable, outdoor uses. Nickel-steel, more specifically, has many applications due to its favorable features like durability, strength, and heat-resistance. Today, some industries that use this type of steel include the aerospace industry, food processing plants, chemical processing, and oil or gas industries to name a few. Nickel-steel is also used in many mechanical situations, for gears, bolts, and

All steels that are hardened are subjected to a subcritical heat treatment referred to as tempering . Tempering improves the toughness of as-quenched martensite (body center tetragonal) but lowers strength and hardness 1, . The microstructure transformation is very complex:

Cold rolled steel sheets remained the most widely used car body material. However, to meet the future energy efficiency requirement of automobiles, automobile industries will have to look for optimum way in designing and usage of steel sheets. The standard TS-4011 summarizes the additional requirement for cold rolled sheets for critical auto body components and outer panels. In general, steel alloy must have high formability and high strength. In addition, car body material must have good joining characteristics. It is a common observation

For the following assignment a laboratory session took place where a hardness test was conducted on a range of materials named sample A, B and C. The aims of the experiment are to establish the hardness number for a range of carbon steels using standard hardness testers in accordance with the relevant British standard, to develop an understanding of the relationship between the material strength with the said parameters and to gather the test result and determine whether the materials are either low carbon steel, medium carbon steel or high carbon steel. A report will be produced based on the laboratory experiment and the results found.

The report primarily discusses results obtained from the conducted experiments and includes computed data from the Kingston computer program. The value of the plastic moment capacity of each experiment was obtained; Obtained value was used to find the yield strength of the structures and compare them to typical values for mild steel. The important data is summarized in a table; followed by a list of important formulae. All individual results are listed in the appendix at the end.

Materials like wasploy, Cr-Mo-Vo alloys, A-286 alloys were used earlier but they have low yield and fatigue strength at higher temperature. Inorder to compensate these demands Ni based super alloys Udimet-720 and Inconel-718 are used. These alloys offer efficient compromise between performance and economics.

According to vessel’s specification (Appendix 1, Working Specification for GasLog 154,800 m3 LNG/C) in accordance with Vessel’s Classification Society requirements (ABS) and as an extension in accordance with DNV RoC requirements (Table C1 of Appendix 2, DNV RoC Part 5 Chapter 5 "Liquefied Gas Carriers") that they are considered to meet the requirements of the IGC Code, NV E grade steel should be used in various places, both on outer and inner hull (i.e. high stressed areas) as well as in cargo areas. As low-temperature toughness is the key characteristic, TMCP processed (Appendix 3, TMCP Process) steel plates are used is several places such as the inner plates of vapor domes.

Carbon has been accepted as a very important component of refractories after 1950’s. The addition of carbon results to a better thermal and chemical resistance and hence the life of refractory linings has been increased, which ultimately reduces the cost of steel production. [44, 45] Nowadays carbon containing refractories have been recognized for many different applications. As described by Sidinei N Silva et al [46] high alumina bricks were generally used in the torpedo ladle because of its compatibility with the acidic slag along with the hot metal transportation. But due to the formation of eutectic phase at lower temperature and to have better thermo-mechanical stress later on ASC bricks have been effectively used in charge pad and slag line area of torpedo ladle.[47-48] In recent years, with the development of blast furnace melting technology, melting

II YEAR C II SEMESTER 4 1 Kinematics of Machinery 4 2 Thermal Engineering -I 4 4 4 4 2 2 28 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Production Technology Mechanics of Solids Metallurgy & Materials Science Machine Drawing Mechanics of Solids & Metallurgy lab Production Technology Lab English

HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy Steel) is another type which is much stronger than ordinary ones. They are used in cars, trucks, cranes etc. They contain more than 15.0% of carbon. AR or Abrasion Resistant is another type that is wear resistant. PVQ or Pressure Vessel Quality steel is a low weight and high strength mild steel used in transport equipment like booms buckets or in earth moving. 4140, 8620 is produced to perform well under high heat and heavy load .1045 is like common A36 but with more durability. FM459 (Free Machine Steel) has moderate durability and strength and is easy to