The Regulatory Capital Is The Minimum Amount Of Capital

1. a) A bank has risk-weighted assets of $175 and equity of $12.5. If regulators require a minimum risk-weighted capital ratio of 5% given the current level of equity, how many new assets with a 100% risk weight can the bank add? How many with a 50% risk weight? b) If the bank had 20% more equity, how many new assets with a 100% risk weight could the bank add? How many with a 50% risk weight? How does having more equity affect a bank's ability to grow? How is this growth affected by the riskiness of the bank's assets?

2、(2) Using Citigroup as an example, estimate the major calculations underlying its 2007 Tier 1 Capital ratio.

The three types of capital mentioned in chapter 18 are, equity capital, economic capital, and regulatory capital. Equity capital, economic capital, and regulatory capital were established a capital standard for banks. Equity capital is defined as the book value of assets less the book value of liabilities. Furthermore, equity capital is also said to cushion debt and equity holders from unexpected losses. Regulatory capital includes the subordinated debt and some adjustments for off-balance sheet items. This is also different from economic capital, which is a statistical estimate of risk and capital, it also reflects the bank’s estimate of the amount of capital needed to support its risk-taking activities; it is not the amount of

Basel III is a global comprehensive collection of restructured regulatory standards on bank capital adequacy and liquidity. It was developed by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to strengthen the regulation, supervision and risk management of the banking sector (bis.org, 2010). It introduces new regulatory requirements on bank liquidity and bank leverage in response to the financial downturn caused by the Global Financial Crisis. Stefan Walter, Secretary General of the Basel Committee on banking supervision said in November 2010:

According to Barth, Prabha, and Wihlborg (2014), the capital adequacy regulation can result in rapid increase of compliance costs. What’s more, Volcker Rule prohibits proprietary trading, which can damage bank’s hedging capability and threaten bank’s profitability. Those extra regulatory burdens caused by the Act makes it less desirable to be too large.

* The Tier 1 capital ratio is defined as Tier 1 regulatory capital divided by RWA. OSFI has established a target Tier 1 capital ratio of 7%.

Since the onset of the financial crisis 2008, the sovereign debt crisis in western economies and the new financial regulation with Basel III coming up, the financial industry faces the challenge of reinventing itself. The ring-fence for Commercial and Investment Banking, and new economic and regulatory capital requirements will determine the kinds of products banks will be able to distribute. It will have a huge impact in the Investment Banking business, which will suffer tough regulation and supervisory procedures. At the same time, credit risk models will be reviewed because they have failed to predict the crisis of 2008. The current financial and economic crisis doesn’t have any precedent in the past.

There are three challenges to regulating systematic risk: 1) Identifying and measuring the systemic risk of financial firms 2) Developing, based on systemic risk measures, an optimal policy whose

As part of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, banks with total consolidated assets of more than $10 billion is required to conduct annual stress tests and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System published its final stress test rule (12 CFR 252) which provided definitions and rules concerning scope, scenarios, reporting and disclosure. This rule continues to be a focus by the regulators to ensure banks are in

The primary measure used by regulators and analysts to measure a bank’s capital strength is the Tier 1 capital ratio. Analyzing this ratio indicates the strength and the bank’s ability to

Formation of capital structure depends on many factors which are normally called the determinants of capital structure. The determinants based on which capital structure were formed are listed below

The goal of financial regulation is to increase efficiency in the market, as well as enhance the market 's ability to absorb shock caused by financial instability. There are many reasons for financial instability, but it can be narrowed down to

Capital structure is defined as the mix of the long-term sources of funds that a firm use. It is composed of equity, debt securities and affect long-term financing of the entity. It is made up by shareholder’s funds, long-term debt and preference share capital. The capital structure mostly focus on the proportions of debt and equity displayed in the company financial statements, especially in the balance sheet (Myers, 2001). The value of a firm can be calculated by the sum of the value of its firm’s debt and equity.

This chapter is about the background of 2007-2008 financial crisis. The 2007-2008 financial crisis has a huge impact on US banking system and how the banks operate and how they are regulated after the financial turmoil. This financial crisis started with difficulty of rolling over asset backed commercial papers in the summer of 2007 due to uncertainty on the liquidity of mortgage backed securities and questions about the soundness of banks and non-bank financial institutes when interest rate continued to go up at a faster pace since 2004. In March 2008 the second wave of liquidity loss occurred after US government decided to bailout Bear Stearns and some commercial banks, then other financial institutions took it as a warning of financial difficulty of their peers. In the meantime banks started hoarding cash and reserve instead of lending out to fellow banks and corporations. The third wave of credit crunch which eventually brought down US financial system and spread over the globe was Lehman Brother’s bankruptcy in August 2008. Many major commercial banks in US held structured products and commercial papers of Lehman Brother, as a result, they suffered a great loss as Lehman Brother went into insolvency. This panic of bank insolvency caused loss of liquidity in both commercial paper market and inter-bank market. Still banks were reluctant to turn to US government or Federal Reserve as this kind of action might indicate delicacy of

In finance, capital structure refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities. A firm 's capital structure is then the composition or 'structure ' of its liabilities. Simply, capital structure refers to the mix of debt and equity used by a firm in financing its assets. The capital structure decision is one of the most important decisions made by financial management. The capital structure decision is at the center of many other decisions in the area of corporate finance. These include dividend policy, project financing, issue of long term securities, financing of mergers, buyouts and so on. One of the many objectives of