The Relationship Between And Ace And Psychopathy

Psychopathy as a mental disorder or construct, although not included in the presently valid classification systems, is gradually fascinating the experts and investigators involved in the field of mental health. Curiosity in psychopathy has mainly grown after the declaration of the new classification system DSM V in which psychopathy is mentioned as a clear diagnosis in the context of six new personality illnesses.

Psychopathy is an umbrella term that is both wide and varied. Much like the spectrum of light, there are numerous groups and subcategories. In this spectrum is Anti- Social Personality Disorder (referred to as ASPD in this essay); this condition unlike psychopathy is a recognized disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (referred to as the DSM). The term psychopathy and psychopath is used in both the media and everyday use as a disorder but this is untrue. Unlike a disorder, psychopathy is more of a series of traits that all individuals have. ASPD and psychopathy are used interchangeably in society, but the diagnosis for ASPD and psychopathy are quite different. Though similar in numerous ways, there are some key

Individuals with psychopathic personality are characterized by a constellation of traits, including interpersonal-affective features such as superficial charm, manipulation, lack of affect and emotion, and antisocial features such as impulsivity and aggression. (Gao, 2011). These traits in turn have been linked to a disregard for laws and social mores, a disregard for the right of others, a failure to feel remorse or guilt and a tendency to display violent behavior (Kennedy, 1954). Furthermore, their interpersonal behavior has been described as selfish, dominant, manipulative, and superficial; showing a lack of responsibility within relationships; and inability to form long-lasting bonds. Psychopaths are described

Research into the darker side of human nature has increased exponentially, drawing particular interest into the Dark Triad of personality (Aghababaei & Błachnio, 2015). The Dark Triad consists of the three similar, but distinct constructs: Narcissism, Machiavellianism and subclinical psychopathy (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). Narcissism is a personality trait related with elevated levels of self interest, grandiosity and sense of entitlement (Campbell, Rudich, & Sedikides, 2002). Psychopathy, on the other hand is characterised by high impulsivity, lack of empathy and irresponsibility (Poythress & Hall, 2011). Machiavellianism is marked by duplicity and manipulation (Jones & Paulhus, 2011). All three constructs are associated with a socially aversive style of interaction, correlated with negative emotional, social and legal implications for both the individual and others (Furnham, Richards, & Paulhus, 2013). Due to the phenotypical similarity in their anti-social style of interaction; the three constructs appear to be deceptively equivalent, when they are in fact distinct. Some theorists support unificationist approach, which presents the constructs as equivalent by drawing evidence from evolutionary theory and the Big Five personality model. On the other hand, multiple theorists cite research from behaviour and genetics studies, to highlight the distinct nature of the three constructs. This essay will argue that the three constructs are distinct by presenting and critically

Martens, W. H. (2000). Antisocial and psychopathic Personality Disorders: Causes, Course, and Remission- A Review Artical. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminolgy , 44(4), 406-430.

Psychopathy, in both the mental health and criminal justice systems, has emerged as one of the most important clinical constructs of the 21st century (Hare, Clark, Grann, & Thornton, 2000, p. 623). Where clinically, psychopathy is traditionally described as a combination of inferred socially deviant behaviors and personality traits. Some traits and behaviors a psychopath is seen to possess are commonly known, for example, to being impulsive, selfish, aggressive, lacking remorse, shame, feeling for others, pathologically lying, and having asocial or antisocial behaviors (Hare, & Neumann, 2006, p. 59-60). One of the reasons as to why psychopathy has come to see an increase in the development of its theoretical and applied interest is the

Font and Jack (2015) also discuss in their study that individuals who scored with four or more adverse childhood experiences were more likely to report poor health. These people report sexually transmitted infections, obesity, substance abuse and many more health issues (Font and Jack, 2015). Someone who has gone through multiple adverse childhood experiences and therefore reports a higher ACE score might see early mortality and increased comorbid conditions. prevalence of the leading cause of death in adulthood.

There are negative mental health consequences in adulthood due to traumatic events in childhood, (Mock & Arai, 2010) as trauma can increase the risk of many psychiatric disorders ( Alim et al.,2008). There are socioeconomic disadvantages resulting from ACEs (Mock & Arai, 2010) and studies have also found ACEs to be associated with negative effects on physical health in adulthood, including obesity, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes (Youssef et al., 2017). However, studies have repeatedly shown that not all children exposed to abuse or trauma experience adverse consequences, National Scientific Council on the

This article states that we need to stop interchanging psychopath and sociopath, as they are two different disciplines. Pemment goes into detail about the history, research, and growth of psychopathy. He says that we need to understand the difference between the two, as the behavioral characteristics and potential treatments for each are different. The article includes details on Hervey Cleckley and Robert Hares work on psychopathy. The article describes the PCL-R, and how Hare says the test should be done. The PCL-R is used as a screening tool to identify psychopaths, and

Furthermore, psychopathy was considered during the twentieth century, the most widely used term to describe antisocial behavior (Reed, 1996). In the 1980s, the committee who devised the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for the American Psychiatric Association recommended the term antisocial personality syndrome to be changed to antisocial personality disorder (Ellis & Walsh, 2000). Antisocial Personality Disorder Hare & McPherson (1984), were successful in pushing the idea that there is a significant correspondence between violent and persistent delinquent and criminal histories and antisocial personality disorder diagnosis. Acute persistent child conduct disorder behavior symptoms, also known as conduct disorder, have been directly linked to serious criminality and antisocial personality disorder (Ellis & Walsh, 2000). Although criminality and antisocial personality disorder ought not be equated, they should be seen as closely linked behavioral phenomena (Ellis & Walsh, 2000). Vitella (1996) believes that individuals with childhood conduct disorder have a higher than normal probability of being both criminal and diagnosed antisocial personality disorder in adolescence and adulthood, and persons with serious criminal records have a higher probability of being diagnosed psychopathic than those with little or no criminal history. Nevertheless, Ellis & Walsh (2000) in caution pointed out that these

The concept of psychopathy originated in the 1800s to describe individuals that consistently failed to conform to societal norms and exhibited antisocial behavior that did not fit the concept of mental illness of the time period. While, psychopathy was a common term used to describe individuals suffering from this disorder other descriptions were coined such as “Pinel’s term “manie sans delvie” meaning mania without delirium in the 1700s, to describe patents whose ‘affective faculties were disordered’” or Pritchard’s term “moral insanity” (Ogloff 520). In the 1930’s Partridge argued that psychopathy was a social rather than a mental disorder and proposed that the concept of sociopathy be introduced as a more accurate description. The American Psychological Association adopted Partridge’s term for their Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel in 1952. However, in 1968 the American Psychological Association changed the diagnostic label from sociopath to “personality disorder, antisocial” for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel – II that continued through to the DSM - III in 1980 and the DSM - III-R in 1987 and the DSM - IV in 1994. Today the Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel categorizes antisocial personality disorder as a personality disorder and it is named as such. Unfortunately, not much research has been conducted

There stood narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. These three personality traits make up the malevolent group called the Dark Triad. In regards to the Big Five traits, the Triad possesses low agreeableness (strongest correlation), neuroticism and lack of conscientiousness. Psychologically, in addition to being traits, narcissism and psychopathy were seen as personality disorders and treated as pathological, while Machiavellianism is strictly a trait. There also correlations with aggression, racism, bullying along with other social aversions.

This article observes the relationship between the Dark Triad traits (psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism) and having a predisposition to be active at night versus having a predisposition to be active during the day. Students attending a university in England participated in an online survey hosted by a psychology based website. The 40-item Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the 64-item Self Report Psychopathy Scale-III, and the 20-item MACH-IV scale were all used to measure the Dark Triad traits in these particular students. The 19-item Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire was used to measure students’ chronotypes.

The Dark Triad of Personality is composed of human’s tendency towards a stable, dimensional personality trait portraying self-centeredness, self-aggrandizement, dominance and interpersonal manipulation, as well as being characterized by impaired cognition as evidenced by distorted perceptions of self and others—widely known as narcissism (Campbell & Miller, 2011; Lootems, 2011); another is psychopathy distinguished by a lack of concern for both other people and social regulatory mechanisms, impulsivity, and a lack of guilt or remorse when their action harm others (Rauthman & Kolar, 2013).; while Machiavellianism is marked by three sets of interrelated values—an avowed belief in the effectiveness of manipulative tactics in dealing with other people, a cynical view of human nature, and a moral outlook that puts expediency above principle (Furtner & Baldeger, 2016)

Childhood trauma is directly associated with patients with Psychopathy/Antisocial Personality Disorder. According to this study by Mesut Cetin which tested a number of Turkish men, patients with ADP reported significantly higher rates of childhood trauma related events. 60.8% of the ADP subjects had at least 1 type of childhood traumatization. Childhood experiences are essential factors of development and directly correlated with the aquiration of ADP and other severe personality disorders. Children with a negative upbringing that experience things such as neglect and abuse are at a much greater risk to develop disorders such as ADP. (Mesut Cetin) This study supports the link between childhood traumas and ADP. Hannibal Lecter undergoes extreme trauma when his family is, murdered and his sister is cannibalized.