The Relationship Between Cerebellum And Basal Ganglia

If you eat unhealthy, fatty foods your whole life, you have a higher risk of developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or arteriosclerosis. If you have unprotected sex, you may contract a sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, or HIV/AIDS. But, Parkinson’s doesn’t racially discriminate, nor does it care if someone is wealthy, poor, educated, non-educated, male or female. Anyone can develop Parkinson’s disease. The disease begins in the brain, our most intricate, delicate organ, whose complexity is still not entirely understood, even with today’s technology and experts. The brain intrigues me. I find myself curious about brain

Parkinson disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders. and it affects approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years old. Parkinson’s disease is a condition that progresses slowly by treatment. In addition, loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantianigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewyneurites are the two major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease (Hauser, 2016).

Connected to the brain stem and is located in the back of the brain is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is responsible for motor coordination and also some learning involving movement. Once someone learns a new motor action that information is held in the cerebellum.

Parkinson’s disease is a “neurodegenerative disorder of the basal nuclei due to insufficient secretion of the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013, p. G-17). The cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but many factors play a role in the development of Parkinson’s disease. One factor that has been found in an individual who has Parkinson’s disease causes over activity of targeted dopamine-deprived basal nuclei. This over activity is caused by the breakdown of neurons that release dopamine in the substantia nigra (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013). Another factor that is present in a person who has Parkinson’s disease, is the presence of lewy bodies in the brain stem ("What is lbd?," 2014). Lewy bodies are unusual

The major component shared by both Parkinson’s disease and dementia is the functioning of neurons, with a then understandable association. Dementia is caused by neuron demise or diminished capacity of communication with other cells, while Parkinson’s disease, neurons in the basal ganglia experience deterioration that disrupts the normal neurotransmitter dopamine balance where neurons waste and die. With this shared neuron deterioration, the prevalence of dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease is clearly understood. One-third of all patients with Parkinson’s disease will display dementia (LeMone, Burke, & Bauldoff, 2011) with indicators identical to Alzheimer’s form of dementia.

The Cerebellum is one of the parts that people notice most, due to the unique shapes the Cerebellum has. It is extremely important that we have our Cerebellum, because we use that for walking and writing. The Cerebellum has a lot of purpose, it also helps you to stand up and help your balance. Any damage to the cerebellum might lead to several disorders, such like not speaking well, possibility of falling when you get up, abnormal eye movements, really weak muscles, can make you lose the coordination of your motor movement, and many more stuff. The Cerebellum is one of the most powerful organs in your body. The Cerebellum has

Some dopaminergic (i.e., dopamine-releasing) neurons run from the substantia nigra to the corpus striatum; their loss gives rise to the clinical manifestations of Parkinson's Disease (Korczyn 1994); others, involved in the rewarding effects of drugs and natural stimuli, run from the mesencephalon to the nucleunucleus accumbens.

Parkinson’s disease “is described as a common disorder of the brain caused by a progressive deterioration of the areas that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine” (Fischer, 1999). It affects the nervous system, more specifically it affects the nerve cells in your brain that secrete dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical that is responsible for the movement and coordination of the musculoskeletal system.

The purpose of my research conducted for this paper was to examine the relationship between Parkinson 's disorder and its connection to the anatomy of the human body. Parkinson 's is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement due to the loss of Dopamine. Dopamine which is a neurotransmitter located in the brain allows signals to be transported from one nerve cell to another. Its purpose is to regulate both movement and cognition. The loss of these chemical messengers can cause both stiffness of the body and tremors, which are two common effects of Parkinson 's. Throughout this paper I will include more information gained through my research of the disease and its relationship to the human body.

Parkinson’s disease affects the brain of the individual. The disease affects the neurons in the brain that are responsible for producing dopamine. “In short, a person 's brain slowly stops producing a neurotransmitter called dopamine. With less and less dopamine, a person has less and less ability to regulate their movements, body and emotions” (“Understanding”). This leads to the symptoms frequently associated with Parkinson’s. While Parkinson’s disease is experienced differently in each case, there is a generic order in which the disease develops. There are five main stages that can be experienced. Not every patient will reach all stages, and the severity and rapidity varies. As the stages develop, the symptoms increase from mild and manageable, to intense.

The cerebellum’s function is to manage muscular activity. The cerebellum contains many cells and it can be separated into three sections. Each of the cerebellum’s regions executes different parts of the cerebellum’s functions. The first region is the vestibulocerebellum and it helps the body maintains its balance and controls its visual movement. The second area of the cerebellum is the spinocerebellum and it manages the activity of the limb and body. The third section of the cerebellum is neocerebellum and it coordinates body movement and assesses information from the cerebral cortex and dentate

Parkinson’s disease is affected by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons which is responsible to produce dopamine. Dopaminergic neurons have their cell bodies in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in basal ganglia (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007). Basal ganglia are a collection of interconnected gray matter nuclear masses deep within the brain”. These gray matter masses are caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra. Basal ganglia receive its input through striatum (O’Sullivan and Schmitz, 2007).

This is due to specific areas, in particular the globus pallidus (GPi), being small and due to their location deep within the brain. However, Owen et al (1998) were able to image the GPi using positron emission tomography (PET) to compare the activity of the basal ganglia between patients with Parkinson’s disease and healthy participants during performance based tasks involving a spatial working memory task, the Tower of London task and a visually guided movements task. In normal subjects, during the Tower of London (planning) task and the spatial working memory task, the GPi area of the basal ganglia showed large amounts of activation, in contrast to the Parkinson’s group who displayed little to no activations of the GPi (Barker et al, 1996). This has also been shown similarly by Owen et al (1996) in similar tasks, but only focusing

The cerebellum (or ‘Little Brain’) is an area located at the back of the brain, positioned underneath the occipital and temporal lobes [Figure 1]. The structure’s main purpose is the fine-tuning of movement, and maintaining posture and balance. The cerebellum is commonly thought of as a motor system, because it is mostly involved in outputting to the movement (motor) system. However, the cerebellum’s purpose is not the creation of motor commands, rather the moderation and adaptation of commands to increase their accuracy. It also uses a surprisingly large amount of neurons relative to its size: although it is only approximately 10% of the brain’s total volume, it accounts for over 50% of the total number of neurons in the

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized mainly by physical and psychological disabilities. This disorder was named after James Parkinson, an English physician who first described it as shaking palsy in 1817 (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). Jean- Martin Charcot, who was a French neurologist, then progressed and further refined the description of the disease and identified other clinical features of PD (Goetz, Factr, and Weiner, 2002). PD involves the loss of cells that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine in a part of the brain stem called the substansia nigra, which results in several signs and symptoms (Byrd, Marks, and Starr, 2000). It is manifested clinically by tremor,