The Relationship Between Dysthymic And Cyclothymic Mood Disorders

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder known for severe persistent mood instabilities between mania and depression, . It causes unusual changes in mood, energy, and activity levels which makes ability to perform daily tasks very hard. (Concepts Advisory Panel [CAP], 2015). BPD affects more than 2.3 million adult Americans, or 1% of the population. (Guo, Patel, Li, & Keck 2010). There are four basic types of bipolar spectrum; All of them involve clear change in the mood energy, and activity levels (CAP,2015). These mood incidences’ ranges from periods of extremely high and energized behavior known as Manic episodes to very sad, or hopeless periods known as depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder, the client has at least one episode of manic followed by major depression. Bipolar II disorder, the client has one or more hypomanic and major depressive episodes, the other not so severe and less diagnoses type of Bipolar is chronic mood disorder that lasts more two years with combination of hypomania and dysthymia. (CAP,2015). This paper will go into, Bipolar I, Manic episodes, the pathophysiology, Sign and symptoms, treatments, comorbidity, nursing intervention and nursing and patient therapeutic relationship.

People with bipolar I disorder have full manic and major depressive episodes. Most of them experience an alternation of the episodes; for example, weeks of mania may be followed by a period of wellness, followed, in turn, by an episode of depression. Some, however, have mixed episodes, in which they display both manic and depressive symptoms within the same episode—for example, having racing thoughts amidst feelings of extreme sadness. In bipolar II disorder, hypomanic—that is, mildy manic—episodes alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time. When a person experiences numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms, but not full-blown episodes, DSM-5 assigns a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder. The symptoms of this milder form of bipolar disorder continue for two or more years, interrupted occasionally by normal moods that may last for only days or weeks.

Many people go through a normal day and have their emotions fluctuate due to some sort of stimuli. It is quite normal for people to feel emotions like depression or elation because of certain situations or circumstances. It is when moods like depression or mania that affect people for a longer than normal period of time or when they constantly fluctuate between depression and mania that one may suffer from something called a mood disorder. Depression is a state of overwhelming sadness and a person’s outlook on general life is dark and foreboding as if nothing is right or will ever be right. Normally people can suffer

____ 16. Since the early 1990s, adolescents with strong mood swings have been increasingly likely to be diagnosed as suffering from A) panic disorder. B) hypochondriasis. C) bipolar disorder. D) agoraphobia. E) major depression. ____ 17. Cognitive changes that accompany depression include a(n) A) decrease in self-focused thinking. B) increased expectation of negative outcomes. C) increased externalization of blame. D) increased obsession with experiencing physical pleasure. E) decrease in pessimistic explanatory style. ____ 18. A disorder in which an individual is overexcited, hyperactive, and wildly optimistic is known as A) paranoia. B) mania. C) a panic attack. D) hypochondriasis. E) schizphrenia ____ 19. The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by A) a breakdown in selective attention. B) unrealistic optimism. C) excessive levels of norepinephrine. D) stressful life experiences. E) external attributions of blame. ____ 20. Evidence that dissociative identity disorder is not simply a product of conscious roleplaying is most clearly provided by the A) periodic

(485) Before answering the question let’s see what each term means. Bipolar disorder is a disorder that is marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression (Comer, 2013, pp.224). Unipolar depression is depression without history of mania (Comer, 2013, pp.224). Dysthymic disorder are mood disorder that are similar to but not as long lasting and less disabling than a major depressive disorder (Comer, 2013, pp.224). Cyclothymic disorder is a disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms (Comer, 2013, pp.249).

Major depressive disorder is a condition when a person experiences two or more weeks of depressed mood or lack of interest in things that usually gave them pleasure not due to any drugs or other medical condition. For this condition to be present a person must show at least five signs of depression (classified as: depressed mood most of the day; diminished interest in activities; significant weight loss or weight gain when not dieting; insomnia or too much sleep; lethargy; fatigue; feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt; difficulty concentrating or thinking; and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide). Bipolar disorder on the other hand is when an individual alternates between hopelessness and an overexcited state of mania. Mood disorders run in families. Women are at twice the risk of having depression and today we find that depression is widespread. Although the majority of depressive episodes end on their own they are usually induced by a stressful event. The risk of suicide or self-injury is higher in individuals who are

Bipolar disorder is an illness associated with mood swings ranging from high (manic) to low (depressive) (Sinacola & Peters-Strickland, 2012). Bipolar disorder is understood to originate biologically; however, in some cases environmental factors may trigger the illness. In addition, there are many types of bipolar disorders, such as type 1 and 2, cyclothymia, and rapid cycling. Bipolar Disorder Type presents symptoms such as manic, depressive, or mixed. Bipolar Disorder Type 2 is similar; yet, the mania is limited to hypomania. Meaning the high moods never come to a full-on manic episode. Cyclothymia is a milder form of the illness, where rapid cycling consists of four or more manic or depressive episodes. Furthermore, high rates of

Koukopoulos and Sani (2013) found that in ancient times the core of depression with mixed features consisted of the following excitatory symptoms: agitation, anxiety, anger, racing and crowded thoughts, irritability, and rage. The DSM-5 criterion for mixed features mentions only two of the seven symptoms (Koukopoulos & Sani, 2013). In more recent literature as referenced by the DSM-5 mood disorders work group, it was found that some of the authors did not find any of the proposed DSM-5 symptoms for depression with mixed features diagnostically relevant. The first two diagnostic criteria proposed by the DSM-5 are euphoria and grandiosity, which were found to be too rare to be considered important because they are so infrequently occurring in a small amount of depressive patients (Koukopoulos & Sani, 2013).

Depression can be further broken down into several different types such as: major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, postpartum depression, psychotic, bipolar and seasonal affective. It is important to understand that depression does not look the same on every individual and that there are different forms of depression that affect people. For the purposes of this literature review in relation to the case study on M.P. the focus will be on major depressive disorder and depression with psychotic features. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (2016) major depressive disorder is a serious mood disorder with symptoms that have a significant impact on a person’s affect, cognition, sleep hygiene, appetite, and activities of daily living. For a diagnosis to be made these presenting symptoms must be ongoing for a minimum of two weeks. Furthermore, psychotic depression “occurs when a person has severe depression plus some form of psychosis, such as having disturbing false fixed beliefs (delusions) or hearing or seeing upsetting things that others cannot hear or see (hallucinations). The psychotic symptoms typically have a depressive

When something like abnormal moods affect one’s social as well as occupational functioning, it can be a great sign of a diagnosable disorder. The

Bipolar disorder is a mental disorder characterized by an alternating or shift in moods of elevation and depression. It is also known as manic depression. This mental illness is that brings severe high and low moods, it can cause changes in sleep, energy, thinking, and behavior. “Bi” which means two or alternating between two, explains the two common episodic moods that occur in individuals with this disorder; mania and depression. According to the DSM there are multiple forms of bipolar disorder, coming in four major forms; bipolar I, bipolar II, bipolar disorder and Cyclothymia. Bipolar II which is a “major depressive episodes alternate with hypomanic episodes rather than full manic episodes.”(Barlow et al., 2014). Individual with bipolar I are similar, “except the individual experiences a full manic episode.” (Barlow et al., 2014). Lastly Cyclothymia is just a mild form of bipolar disorder. Mania episodes take into account the high elevated moods; where an individual’s is extremely energetic, excited, may partake in usually activities, for example excessive spending, promiscuity or dangerous behavior. On the other hand, there are depressive episodes, which are mark by similar symptoms as the common disorder of depression, such as extreme sadness, lack of motivation, constant fatigue and irritable. More prevalent in women, although it can occur in children and older adults, this disorder is seen to suddenly develop in ages ranging from 18 to 24. Although similar men and

Cyclothymic depression is not as common as other mood disorders, but may cause many emotional problems. It is similar to bipolar illness, where patients will feel extremely happy and powerful at times, and then suddenly they will feel sad and useless (“Cyclothymia”). Only 0.4 percent-one percent of people are diagnosed with cyclothymic depression (“Cyclothymia”). The symptoms are separated into two categories: hypomanic and depressive. Hypomanic symptoms are considered the “highs” of cyclothymia where patients may feel an over abundance of happiness. (“Cyclothymia”). Their self-esteem may rise, and they may not exercise good judgement in some situations, which lead to negative consequences (“Cyclothymia”). They tend to have jumbled, disorganized

Cyclothymia disorder is a rare mood disorder.Cyclothymia disorder is when you have your highs and lows. Cyclothymia is like bipolar but less extreme. Symptoms of Cyclothymia are alternate between emotional highs and lows, inflated self-esteem, talking more than usual, poor judgment, racing thoughts, decreased need for sleep, tendency to be easily distracted. Cyclothymia cause is specifically not known. But some can be heredity, your body's biochemical processes, and the environment. You should get treatment for this mental disorder as earliest as you can. If not treated it can result to emotional problems. Substance abuse is common. you may also have an anxiety disorder. Take your medication as directed. Even if you feel better don't skip your

Mood disorders are a class of behavioral-emotional disorders labeled by disruption in mood. Examples of this are depression or extreme elation. Some people may experience periods of depression or elation but this doesn’t mean they have a mood disorder.