The Relationship Between IPV And HIV

Health has been influenced by many factors such as poor health status, disease risk factors, and limited access to healthcare. All these factors are due to social, economic and environmental disadvantages. According to the World Organization (WHO) (2015), “the social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities, which is the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries”

Poverty is the single largest determinant of health. It has a widespread range of negative effects, both on the physical and the mental level, making it a significant public health concern in many countries. Poorer people tend to live shorter lives because there’s a clear correlation between income and access to healthcare. This disparity draws special attention to the significant sensitivity of health and the social environment.

When looking at infant mortality rates in the lowest class evidence shows that double the amount of babies die in comparison to the highest class this can be linked to poverty the poorer you are the worse your chances are even at birth. These following factors increase the risk of infant death; the age of the mother aged less than 18 years is the highest and the lowest for mothers between 30 and 34. With the high teenage pregnancy epidemic and women from lower social class background the most at risk from losing their baby.

Black R E., Cousens S., Johnson, H. L., Lawn, J. E., Rudan, I., Bassani, D. G., Jha, P., Campbell, H., Walker, C.F, and Cibulskis, R (2010) Global, regional and national causes of child mortality; a systematic analysis. Lancet 375 (9730); 1969-1987.

As a high-income society, the United States when comparing the health care statistics to others world-wide is one of the most blessed nations in the world, but many people who struggle to pay for their health care find that our health care system has many weaknesses that effect the overall quality of care and their personal well-being. Health is defined by the World Health Organization as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being” (Macionis 236). There are many degrees of both physical and mental health and most people fall short of complete health and find themselves in need of medical care. One indicator that is used to measure a society’s overall health is the infant mortality rate, which is “the number of babies who die before their first birthday out of every thousand babies born” (Macionis 236). As expected, America’s infant mortality rates are low especially when coming comparing the rates to countries that are known to have economic hardships. Another means to measure the overall health well-being of a society is by determining the life expectancy at birth or the number of years that a person is expected to live in a given society. High-income nation’s life-expectancy rates are higher and most people can live long lives without serious health conditions until later in life. Low-income nations unfortunately can have much lower life expectancies. The economy and livelihood of a

It is believed that a large part of the population is in risk of this type of victimization (Giardino, 2010). With the health care community taking more interest in this issue, new screening tools have been developed to guide in the victim’s safety and find a way for them to leave the relationship (Giardino, 2010). In addition, intervention programs have been developed for the purpose of decreasing the risk of perpetrators from re-offending. There is an estimated 5.3 million IPV cases among woman that have occurred each year in the United States (Giardino, 2010). Two million have resulted in injuries and 1,300 deaths. It is more common for females to be victims of IPV but there has been cases where the victims are male or transgender. They are either married or single, involved in a heterosexual or same-sex relationship, and are members of any ethnic or socioeconomic group (Giardino, 2010). The myth of victims being poor, uneducated women is false. There is controversy in regards to the race and economic status of victims of intimate partner violence. There is no relationship between IPV and race, economic status, or educational level (Giardino, 2010). According to the National Violence against Women (NVAW), the ethnic groups of women most affected by IPV are American Indian, Alaskan Native, African American, and Hispanics

An upsetting pattern has risen inside of the previous couple of years, demonstrating a relentless increment of ladies being contaminated with HIV/AIDS every year. This pattern is particularly conspicuous in sub-Saharan Africa. While the illness is contaminating more ladies than any other time in recent memory and now represents about portion of those living with HIV around

Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been recognised as an issue which needs to be addressed due to its negative consequences on health of individuals. The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as any act between intimate relations which results into physical, emotional, sexual trauma or any other form of restriction or isolation from family and friends which can lead to undesirable health outcomes (Organization, 2012). Violence do exists between intimate partners with women becoming more victims than men (Hall, Chappell, Parnell, Seed, & Bewley, 2014). In Victoria, it had accounted for 7.9% of overall disease burden among women of reproductive age (Vos et al., 2006). According to WHO global report on violence, more than 35% of women experience both physical and sexual abuse by intimate partners which represents a large proportion of all types of abuse (Organization, 2012). Current studies have acknowledged that controlling woman’s

The societal influences on early life are determined by a variety of factors, ranging from access to survival necessities to income inequality (Maggi et al., 2010). Developing countries are more likely to be impacted by war, slavery, discrimination, disease, and a lack of water and sanitation facilities (Maggi et al., 2010). Developed countries face issues around childhood exposure to poverty and the inability for some to access the services needed for ideal health and wellbeing (Maggi et al., 2010). Although the issues faced between countries are immensely different, the concerns for one child are no less important than the concerns for another (Maggi et al., 2010).

Most of us agreed that the social determinants of health (SDoH) are super inter-related and that income is one of the most critical SDoH. Income can drive and have an impact on many of the other SDoH and their outcomes, such as food security and social exclusion. Stephanie and I also agreed that early childhood development is a crucial SDoH. Negative effects during childhood can lead to negative health consequences in later life, thus enhancing quality of life during childhood can be very beneficial in the long run. As Stephanie summarized, it is “important for all of us to start on the right foot and have the same opportunities to grow up healthy.” Moreover, we discussed the connection between poverty and the SDoH. Lacey pointed out that “poverty

Average natality rate for a developing country usually tend to be higher than developed countries. This is largely because women in developed countries are more likely to have careers and lifestyles that make it less convenient to have them. Infant mortality rate is the measure of deaths of children that are less than a year old. There are numerous of factors that impact this rate including the mother's level of education, environmental conditions, and political and medical infrastructure. Improving sanitation, access to clean drinking water, immunization against infectious diseases, and other public health measures can help reduce high rates of infant

Sexual violence and HIV/AIDS biological transmission through that violence remain tools of war and dominance to this day in many rural communities with recurrent violence, and is a present phenomenon in many sexual violence cases across America. With no clear HIV/AIDS preventative guidelines for at-risk rape victims in American health policy, late-term abortions also increase the risk for maternal death and infection of sexual partners. HIV-positive rape victims, who previously could access safe abortions and counseling/planning services, are now increasingly having to turn to unsafe abortion

There are several risk factors that impact children’s health in Ethiopia. For example, vitamin A deficiency stunts children’s growth. Mothers are unable to properly breastfeed so the child doesn’t fully develop as they should. Immune systems weaken in children as well, causing them to die from diseases that are easily treatable. Since the HIV/aids rate is so high in women, children also are transmitted the disease and end up dying. Another factor is that children don’t receive proper care from their families or health services. It is also estimated that over 150,000 children live on the streets in Ethiopian cities (Humanium • We make children's rights happen, 2017). That results in improper hygiene and lack of sanitation. As mentioned already,

“High rates of child poverty are a cause for concern, as low family income has been associated with a range of negative health, education, justice, labour market and social outcomes. Negative health outcomes include low birth weight, infant mortality, poorer mental health and cognitive development, and hospital admissions from a variety of causes” (Craig, Reddington, Wicken, Oben & Simpson, 2013, pg. 24).

Most of the children deaths occur due to pneumonia, preterm birth complications, intra-partum related complications, diarrhea and malaria. The issues that prevails, is the fact that universal access to basic social services is not available, and poverty.