The relationship between Life Expectancy at birth and GDP per capita (PPP)
Candidate:
Teacher:
Candidate number:
Date of submission:
Word Count: 2907
Section 1: Introduction
In a given country, Life Expectancy at birth is the expected number of years of life from birth. Gross domestic product per capita is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in one year, divided by the size of the population of that country.
The main objective of the present project is to establish the existence of a statistical relation between Life Expectancy (y) at birth and GDP per capita (x). First, we will present in Section 2 the data, from an official governmental source, containing Life
…show more content…
Basic statistics for the GDP per capita:
Mean: x=i=148xi48 = 12900
In order to compute the median, we need to order the GDP values:
600, 700, 1100, 1500, 1600, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2500, 2900,
2900, 3200, 3300, 3900, 4000, 4100, 4300, 4800, 5000, 6000,
6300, 6700, 7600, 7600, 9100, 9900, 10600, 10700, 11200, 12300,
13900, 15700, 16700, 19800, 20000, 26700, 27400, 27600, 27600, 27700,
28200, 28800, 29000, 29100, 29800, 30000, 31100, 37800.
The median is obtained as the middle value of the two central values (the 25th and the 26th):
Median= 7600+91002 = 8350
In order to compute the modal class, we need to split the data in classes.
If we consider classes of USD 1000 (0-999, 1000-1999, …) we have the following table of frequencies:
Class | Frequency | 0-999 | 2 | 1000-1999 | 4 | 2000-2999 | 5 | 3000-3999 | 3 | 4000-4999 | 4 | 5000-5999 | 1 | 6000-6999 | 3 | 7000-7999 | 2 | 8000-8999 | 0 | 9000-10000 | 2 | 10000-10999 | 2 | 11000-11999 | 1 | 12000-12999 | 1 | 13000-13999 | 1 | 14000-14999 | 0 | 15000-15999 | 1 | 16000-16999 | 1 | 17000-17999 | 0 | 18000-18999 | 0 | 19000-19999 | 1 | 20000-20999 | 1 | 21000-21999 | 0 | 22000-22999 | 0 | 23000-23999 | 0 | 24000-24999 | 0 | 25000-25999 | 0 | 26000-26999 | 1 | 27000-27999 | 4 | 28000-28999 | 2 | 29000-29999 | 3 | 30000-30999 | 1 | 31000-31999 | 1 | 32000-32999 | 0 | 33000-33999 | 0 | 34000-34999 | 0 | 35000-35999 | 0
capacity to live to be 90, and a little more for women, but life expectancy in the United States
The mean for the median column is 3.6, which is close to the mean in question 2 but not as close as the answer in question 3.
The mean for the median column of the worksheet is 3.6Yes, the estimate is centered about the parameter of interest.
5. When is it more appropriate to use the median as a measure of center rather than the mean? Why?
Life expectancy at birth is a strong indicator of the quality of life and environment one is born in. If war, famine, and disease overtake a country, the population less likely to live a long and fulfilling life. A life
Median: 3, 5, 11, 12, 13, 15, 19, 35, 42, 65 = 13 + 15 = 28/2 = 14
Moreover, the quality of life of citizens in these countries is possibly improved with developing health care services and clean water, leading to increasing the average life expectancy. It is possible to anticipate that the number of citizens living for at least sixty years will account for about 85 percent of the world’s population (Healey, 2008).This is due to the effects of globalization on medicine that have led to an increase of international medical exchange. As a result, solutions for disease treatment and surgery had been increasing remarkably that may save many people from death. Thus, life expectancy is lengthened. In other words, globalization may provide better living conditions and double the average life expectancy of 100 years ago (Healey, 2008).
The median is basically the middle score for a set of data that has been arranged in order of extent. The median is less affected by outliers and twisted data
The life in the U.S compared to that of the Soviet Union during the 60’s is an amazing phenomenon of a declining life expectancy in a highly developed country just like in the case of the Soviet Union during the 60’s down to the 70’s. The result of the life expectancy rate in the Soviet Union shows that there is only a small part to true informal changes in the state of living. However, the weak point of the measures of life expectancy is of vital importance, although another factor is the unfavourable selection of risks by war, thereby making a less valuable comparison between the international and inter temporal. Another factor is the logical difference between period and the measurement of the group of people sharing a common factor
GDP per capita is also an important indicator of economic health. GDP per capita takes the total output of a country and divides it by the number of people in a countries population; this indicated the buying power of individuals. GDP per capita in Germany as reported for 2014 was slightly over 47,000 USD (“Countries with the largest”, n.d.). Looking at GDP per capita when compared to other countries in the Eurozone Germany is not fairing so well. Luxembourg leads the world wide GDP per capita and that of the Eurozone with a high rate of 116,750 USD (“Countries with the largest”, n.d.). Worldwide Germany ranks 16th in the Eurozone, Germany was beat out by Austria, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands in GDP per capita (“Countries with the largest”, n.d.). While the GDP per capita rate in Germany is stronger than many other countries it is not competitive with other countries which have economies comparable in size to Germany nor economies centrally located in the Eurozone.
Based on the chart, the mean was calculated by adding up the sum of the list and divide 18, which the number of the total listed prices. The mean is 135,000, which mean the average of the listed price. Secondly, the median was calculated by listing the number in numerical order from lowest to highest and located the number in the middle 126,000. The median represents the middle number of the listed price. After calculating the median I located the minimum and maximum based the lowest and highest data, which are 48,000 and 338,000. These represent the range of the listed price. Lastly, I used the formula to get the
(de Haan, 1996) Many middle income countries have fairly stable political systems; however coups and regime changes do occur. This has a negative affect on economic growth and is an indicator that GNP will be lower than otherwise possible. Life expectancy in the countries also tends to be lower than in high income countries. In middle income countries the life expectancy is around 50 years.(Dwyer, 2005) The main reasons that populations in middle income countries experience shorter life expectancy are reduced access to healthcare, substandard living conditions and lack of variety in diet.
I will consider life expectancy, maternal mortality and infant mortality as indicators of global health and analyze their intercountry and time changes.
But the death rate exceeds the birth rate, which triggers the population increasing very slowly or almost stable. In this stage, birth rate becomes high due to less use of contraception and sterilization. Most of the people do survive in agriculture where the children are considered as economic assets and so people are encouraged to get many children. Similarly death rate becomes high due to diseases, natural calamities, wars, etc. Infant death rate is also found very high. Because of poor health facilities provided by the state to the people, lack of clean water and sanitation and food shortage, health of the people will be weak so that the people will depart the life in high numbers. Before 1920, China and India were at this stage (Raj, H. 2003). This stage is generally found in the countries where people depend on agriculture as a main source of surviving. At present, the countries like Nigeria, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Angola, etc. are passing through this stage (Raj, H.2003)
However, better healthcare and protection from government result in rising age expectancy, which is a double-edged sword as on one hand, people live longer as shown in report (Friedland and Summer, 2005, Fig 1-2) and on the other hand, the proportion of aging population increases if the younger generation are not reproducing enough, and this is exactly the trend now in developed nations. In the