The Relationship Between Peak Power and Fatigue Index for Endurance vs Power Athletes.

It is to be hypothesised that there will be no significant relationship between velocity at lactate threshold and 5k running performance.

Power is the rate at which work is performed. It has a speed component to it, unlike strength. The explosive aspect of strength is referred to as maximal muscular power and is the functional application of both strength and speed of movement (Kenney, Wilmore, & Costill, 2015). The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnt) has been proven to be a tool that is reliable for assessing muscular power, endurance and fatigue. A study was completed in order to determine the relationship between upper body strength and power and on the upper body anaerobicperformance. A bench press and bench press throw was used to determine upper body anaerobic performance and was measured during an arm ergometry WAnt (Lovell, Mason, Eagles, Shewring &Mclellan,2011).

If a runner experiences fatigue during the aforementioned examples, they are most likely experiencing an iron deficiency. In addition, from the onset of this excessive fatigue, athletes must ensure they have an adequate amount of iron to satisfy the body’s respiratory demands while competing prior to the exhibition of more severe effects. Persistent and continuous training can perpetuate an individual’s reduced iron status and ultimately hamper their performance as the season progresses. After studying athletes of various sports, the experimenters recorded 27 percent of all athletes had absolute iron deficiency, which was not generally restored post-recuperation, and 70 percent had functional iron deficiency at the conclusion of their seasons. Fourteen percent of athletes exhibited absolute iron deficiency throughout the experiment. Athletes with initially low ferritin levels improved slightly but remained within borderline levels during recuperation. (Reinke). Continuous exercise makes already lowered iron levels fairly

Two mechanisms that increase oxygen consumption during physical activity, is the increased total quantity of blood pumped by the heart and the ability to use the already existing large quantities of oxygen carried by the blood6. An increased total quantity of blood pumped by the heart, also known as cardiac output, at maximum has a direct correlation with VO2max6. A near proportionate increase in maximum cardiac output increases in VO2max with in endurance trained and un-trained individuals has been distingushed6. This relationship suggests with physical activity VO2max is increased through an increase of cardiac output.

In order to enhance the ATP-PCrA system and increase peak power a form of high intensity interval training known as sprint interval training has been beveled and has shown results in sprint cyclist (Bayati, et al., 2011). This style of high intensity interval training has been shown to increase peak power. Another study by Laursen, et al. (2002) used highly trained cyclists and prescribed them a training plan incorporating repeated sprint interval training for 2 weeks. There was a mean increase in power of 4.3%.

The most precise method for the assessment of maximal oxygen consumption is the direct measurement which is considered the ‘gold standard’ (Noonan & Dean, 2000). However, the use of this method is limited in several settings such as in sports clubs, schools, or in large scale research studies (Pescatello & American College of Sports Medicine, 2014) because it requires appropriate and expensive equipment, supervision by trained personnel and a max-imal level of exertion which cannot be achieved by all the individuals and especially those who may be limited by pain, fatigue, abnormal gait, impaired balance or those with cardio-vascular problems(Evans, Ferrar, Smith, et al., 2015). As a consequence, many indirect tests have been developed for use in sports, clinical and home settings but there are sundry fac-tors which must be considered when we select one of them. Such factors are the population that we

The main purpose of this case study was to figure out what energy systems are being used between a 100 meter sprinter, 800 meter runner, and 10,000 meter distance runner. ATP must be present in order for muscle contraction to occur. An athlete can produce ATP in three diffrent ways, the ATP-PC sytstem, Glycolytic system, and the oxidative system. These 3 systems (ATP-PC,Glycolytic, Oxidative) will have a key role in which race the athlete will be sucessful at.

There are many important limitations of the lactate threshold tests that will be discussed. During the treadmill lactate threshold tests, there was an occasion of errors read on the Lactate Plus. This would lead to having to retesting, forcing the subject to pause for a longer period in between stages. The delay could change the reading of the blood lactate level. Subject three is considered a highly trained endurance athlete and required a different protocol for the

Ultimately, both the Margaria and Wingate tests are good indicators of one’s anaerobic capacity. For one to increase their anaerobic capacity, they must train their ATP-PC system via interval training & weight training

Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is a health-related component of physical fitness defined as the ability of the circulatory, respiratory, and muscular systems to supply oxygen during sustained physical activity (Lee, 2010). Maximal oxygen consumption, VO_2max, is one of the most shared ways to measure a subject’s CRF, because it is the measurement of oxygen the subject consumes while doing vigorous exercise. VO_2max is expressed in milliliters of Oxygen, per kilogram of body weight, per minute (ml/kg/min). Setty stated that, VO_2max “is the gold-standard method of cardio-pulmonary and muscle cell fitness” (Setty, 2013).

Nineteen male trained cyclists were a part of the study in which they had to cycle on an ergometer on five to seven different occasions during a period of three weeks. There were three stages the athletes had to complete, one being an incremental stage which lasted until voluntary exhaustion. Next was a continual maximal steady state test where they performed two to three, 30 minute continuous submaximal work. The last study consisted of seven repetitions of four minute exercise followed by two minutes of passive recovery then another seven reps of four minutes followed by active recovery. All three tests measure the blood lactate concentrations and VO2 max (Greco & Barbosa,

The type of activities the oxidative system supports are longer than 3 minutes such as walking, or jogging. This system produces a large amount of energy that lasts a long time. Some of the draw backs are lung function, oxygen availability, and ATP production is slow. According to Artioli, Bertuzzi, Roschel, Mendes, Lancha, and Franchini 2012, it can be difficult to measure all energy systems inside the lab. Their method allows measuring of the different contributions of energy systems on sports that might be difficult to mimic in a lab. In order to measure each system, resting oxygen, exercise oxygen, and post-exercise oxygen consumption need to be measured. As well as resting lactate, and post-exercise peak lactate. To calculate aerobic metabolism, you need resting and during exercise oxygen consumption. Using the trapezoidal method, measure the area under the curve of oxygen consumption during exercise and subtract the resting oxygen consumption. To measure the ATP-PC system contribution, post-exercise oxygen consumption curve has to be made into a bi-exponential model, and then use the following equation ATP-CP metabolism = A1 (mL . s-1) x t1

Not only is muscle fatigue and muscle recovery affected there are many other physiological factors that are affected as well. These physiological factors play a major role in athletic training and must be maintained if athletic performance is expected to stay at a high level. A few of these factors are VO2 max, maximal heart rate, stroke volume, economy of movement, and aerobic enzyme activity. (Reaburn) Many of these elements play a smaller role in accounting for and culminating to another one. An example of this would be how stroke volume, muscle mass, and aerobic enzyme activity play a major role in the process of VO2 max. When you observe a decrease in all of these things you will see that there will be a major decrease in the athlete’s

(male) and M.B. (female). The first of the various procedures was the handheld BMI body fat calculator which the subjects could administer themselves. The subjects held the device firmly in both hands, entered their corresponding weight, height, gender, and age. After confirming the accuracy of the information their BMI and body fat percentage was determined, however, those calculations may be flawed because they were determined before weight and height were taken. Height and weight were measured immediately after. To determine height, each subject was required to remove their shoes and hats and stand fully erect on the stadiometer. Weight was determined in a similar process, were the subjects removed their shoes and stood on an electric scale which was provided. Height and weight measurements were taken only once and administered by the

During the sub-maximal bike test, the subject 's total kcals expended increased as workload increased. The % efficiency of the subject increased as intensity increased, as well. An increase in intensity on the bike caused an initial increase of kcals from fat from rest to the first workload, subsequently followed by a decrease in fat usage after the first 5 minutes. Carbohydrate usage [kcals from CHO] increased throughout the whole experiment as power output increased. All trends observed during the trial were expected. Efficiency and total kcals expended were expected to increase as power output increased. Fat usage was expected to increase initially due to the aerobic lag and inability to take in enough oxygen to meet energy requirements, then decrease after the first workload (Spriet, 2011). Carbohydrate usage was expected to trend upwards, parallel to intensity.