The Research On Mechanism Of Radiation Resistance

Cancer is defined as the abnormal, uncontrolled division of cells in the body. This uncontrollable growth causes a growth or tumour on the body. The tumours that are formed can either be benign or malignant. Malignant tumours can attack other cells and destroy them. Cancer has been around for ages and millions of people have died from cancer. There are many types of cancer and there are different reasons why people get cancer. Luckily, there are many treatments in place to help people who have cancer. Some popular options for treating cancer would be surgically removing the tumour or growth, or undergoing radiation therapy or chemotherapy. These treatments are commonly used amongst patients who have cancer. Alternatively there is another treatment that could be used to cure cancer, Proton Therapy. Proton Therapy works by directing a strong dose of radiation to the cancerous tumour (Advanced Particle Therapy, n.d.). In this essay, the advantages and disadvantages of Proton Therapy will be discussed in

From surgery to radium exposure to such extremes as radiation therapy, as doctors’ knowledge of the varying types of cancer, and the expansion of medical research regarding cancer has changed, so has the preferred method of treatment. Doctors and researchers dedicated to studying cancer have led to a greater understanding of cancer development; consequently the development of treatments and cures that are more effective, less harmful, have fewer side effects, and in some cases serve to prevent the spread of cancer.

Cancer is an incurable and unpredictable disease that, if left untreated, will likely result in death for the men, women, and children who must fight it. Sadly, approximately 36% of people will develop cancer during their lifetime, and of that percentage, fewer than 15% will survive, according to the National Cancer Institute. Along with surgery and chemotherapy, radiation is one of the few known methods for treating cancer, but it does not come without harmful side effects. While radiation therapy is currently a proven method for treating cancer, dangers to patients often outweigh its benefits, therefore a safer method for effectively treating and ultimately curing cancer.

Using a combination of x-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles, radiation can target the DNA molecule in a cell and directly attack it or put charged particles in the DNA molecule that will damage the DNA molecule in the cell. This mean that for medical purposes radiation can be used to kill the cancer cells. Or, sometimes even cure someone of cancer. This also means that someone could have the option for either chemotherapy and radiation instead of just chemotherapy. Also, since radiation can kill cancer cells and be used as a cancer treatment, radiation can also be used shrink tumors.

Cancer is a disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells. The DNA sequence in cells can be changed as a result of copying errors during replication. If these changes whatever their cause are left uncorrected, both growing and non-growing somatic cells might gain many mutations that they could no longer function. The relevance of DNA damage and repair to the generation of cancer was obvious when it was recognized that everything that causes cancer also cause a change in the DNA sequence. Tumor suppressor genes are protective genes and normally they limit cell growth by monitoring the speed of cell division, repair mismatched DNA and control when a cell dies. When a tumor suppressor gene is mutated cells grow

The Wnt, Hedgehog (HH), and Notch pathways are three critical evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways in typical embryogenesis and hemostasis. However, dysregulation of these pathways are apparent in multiple tumor types. Specifically, abnormal activation of these pathways is implicated in regulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are characterized by the capacity of tumor initiation, self-renewal, form differentiated heterogeneous tumor cells, and develop resistance to therapy. As CSCs can survive traditional cancer therapies, eradication of CSCs in tumors may represent an effective anticancer therapeutic strategy. To aim this goal, new experimental agents are being produced to block Wnt, Notch, and HH signaling by CSCs, some of which

The concept of neurogenesis being confined to the embryonic stage became less obvious with the onset of discovery of neural stem cells maintained in two distinct regions of the mammalian adult brain namely dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus and the sub ventricular zone (SVZ) of the forebrain lateral ventricles14,18,19. What makes these neural stem cells a more credible target for oncogenic transformation? The continual presence of undifferentiated, mitotically active, self renewable stem cells at the apex of the hierarchy bundled in discrete germinal niches in the mammalian brain throughout the lifespan of an organism allows them to accumulate mutations, thus rendering them vulnerable for neoplastic reprogramming. There has been increasing evidence that the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that initiate and maintain the NSC developmental state are possibly deregulated in GB to emerge as Glioma initiating cells or Brain tumor stem cells20. The discovery of BTSC has high clinical significance in the neuro-oncology field, as evidenced by major diverse roles it plays in various aspects of tumor growth such as tumor initiation, maintenance, progression, angiogenesis and tumor recurrence owing to therapeutic resistance, some of which are described

In the medical field, basic patient care is something that should be practiced every day. In hospitals and clinics around the United States, one will find groups of people who have undergone years of training and are there to hopefully provide the best patient care they can. Yet every day thousands of practitioners seem to have forgotten the basics of not only protecting patients but themselves as well. More specifically, in the field of radiology, it seems that one of the basics of patient and technologist protections, shielding, has become second place, and used in a manner that deviates from its intended purpose. After witnessing many misuses and even no use

Radiation therapy is the ionization of atoms in tissues resulting in formation of highly reactive radicals in a well-defined, restricted volume (1). In other words, ionizing radiations are used to eradicate tumors and at the same time preserve structure and function of normal tissue. A limitation is prevented from being a problem. If bone marrow or neuronal cells are destroyed or injured, they do not regenerate. However, with radiation therapy, these cells are often saved from injury or destruction, unless the tumor is infecting bone marrow or neuronal cells. Today, radiation therapy is the most popular type of cancer therapy in use. It is used to treat one-half to two-thirds of all cancers, which translates to more than ten percent of the population

Radiation in general can be considered as double-edged sword because it may cause cancer, and at the same time it may be considered as an effective modality to treat it.

The article suggests that stem cells can cause and prevent cancer. It states that cancer is a stem cell disease. Not all cancers are the same and research suggests that these cancerous stem cells may hinder the cancer from developing and returning. Each of our organs have embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic stem cells that are related to that organ. These stem cells control the reproduction and growth of the organ. It is believed that the cancerous stem cells found in the organ may cause reproduction and growth of cells inside a cancer. These cancerous stem cells are usually undetected therefore cancer drugs and treatment do not affect the cancerous cells. This is what causes the cancer to relapse or come back after a person

Researchers discovered another factor that would put people at risk of getting cancer. Poor lifestyle choices and inherited genes are known to increase a person’s risk of developing cancer, but research concludes that stem cells division are a major contributors to cancer overall. Stem cells are one of the human body's master cells because they are able to maintain the ability to divide throughout life, give rise to cells that can become highly specialized, take the place of cells that die or lost and renew and repair any body tissue. However, there is a risk that genetic mutations will randomly appear as our stem cells divide. The cancer risk varies in the tissue since they are the only cell type with the ability to carry a tumor. Habibul

Brain tumors can be either benign or malignant. Benign tumors are the noncancerous growth of cells body and often do not become cancerous. Often, there will be the formation of lumps (collection of cells), which can be removed surgically. Malignant tumors are cells that have uncontrolled cell growth. Depending on the different stage of growth, it has the possibility to spread to other areas of the body (Clark, 1991). When cancer spreads, it is known as metastatic cancer. At this stage of cancer, treatments will be limited and death is almost inevitable. Often chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical interventions are the only options for treatment. In addition to the limited therapies, the cases of reoccurrence after treatment also remain. In recent studies, it has been shown that NSCs have the capacity to target genes in glioma, medulloblastoma and metastasis (Herrlinger et al., 2000; Zhu et al., 2013). With NSCs carrying cytosine deaminase (CD), glioma-bearing animals with the addition of 5-fluorocytosine had an 80% decrease in tumor mass (Aboody et al., 2000). Hence, with the addition of CD through NSCs, the stem cells will sensitize the tumor cells to provide liaison for chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition, NSCs encoding the PEX gene allows surrounded, targeted and destroyed the tumor cells. A reduction of 90% in tumor mass was seen in mouse models (S.-K. Kim et al., 2005). With refinement, it will be possible to

One of the ways cell exploration as changed what we know about living things is regeneration. When people hear stem cell therapies they automatically think of stem cell marrow transplant but that’s not the only way they are used. Using stem cells can help people with diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes it could also help people with spinal cord injury damage by replacing the neurons, stroke, and any tissue or organ. That’s not it, cells help us every day by healing us. If we get a scrap they come in to heal us. They help children grow too. We now know that cancer is a mutation in mitosis in cells, where they replicate themselves too much.

In 2007, it is predicted that almost 1.5 million people will be diagnosed with cancer in the United States (Pickle et al., 2007). More than half of these cancer patients will undergo the use of radiation as a means for treating cancer at some point during the course of their disease (Perez and Brady, 1998). Cancer, a disease caused by an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells, affects millions of people around the world. Radiotherapy is one of the well known various methods used to treat cancer, where high powered rays are aimed directly at the tumor from the outside of the body as external radiation or an instrument is surgically placed inside the body producing a result of internal radiation. Radiation is delivered to the cancerous regions of the body to damage and destroy the cells in that area, terminating the rapid growth and division of the cells. Radiation therapy has been used by medicine as a treatment for cancer from the beginning of the twentieth century, with its earliest beginnings coming from the discovery of x-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen. With the advancements in physics and computer programming, radiation had greatly evolved towards the end of the twentieth century and made the radiation treatment more effective. Radiation therapy is a curative treatment approach for cancer because it is successful in killing cancerous tumor cells and stop them from regenerating.