The Research Proposal By Green Et Al

Qualitative research reflects different ways that researcher’s collect data and explore all of the information through literature review. Participant’s that are reviewing is often observed for analysis while “the role of the researcher focuses as the primary data collection instrument necessitates the identification of personal values, assumptions and biases at the outset of the study; Qualitative researchers ask at least one central question” (Creswell, 2014, which can be explored in several contexts with further questions. According to the text Research Design (2014) “the researcher’s role is typically involved in a

Qualitative research provides advantages for studies that involve special populations, including those that are traditionally underrepresented in research and those with low literacy. Qualitative data collection methods through open ended interviews, may be more effective and less intimidating than surveys for those who have been marginalized in research in the past (Bower & Scambler 2007). For instance, the Qualitative Research for Immigrant populations. Immigrants, however, may have different cultural backgrounds and previous exposure to research. Commonly adopted research procedures, such as the informed consent process, may be culturally inappropriate for research with culturally diverse populations, and hence require cultural adaptations (Lu & Gatua 2014).

Qualitative data is not numerical and is more likely to take the form of observations or interviews. Obviously, it is very difficult to perform any statistical analysis on this kind of data. A further problem is that another researcher cannot replicate this data and therefore it is difficult to check the validity of what has been written. Researchers using this kind of data must be careful to avoid subjectivity, that is, they must avoid letting their personal beliefs or preferences affect the way they record and interpret the data. The advantage of this form of data collection is that it allows the researcher to answer open-ended questions; consequently, it is more flexible. Qualitative data also provides opportunities to explain the context of an observation and can therefore present a fuller picture (OU, 2001).

A qualitative methodological approach was the obvious choice in that it allows for the collection and interpretation of stories, narratives, interviews and other forms of non-quantifiable data. A qualitative approach also does not demand or strive for detached objectivity of the researcher but instead encourages the disclosure of researcher bias and the engagement of the researcher with the research and subjects, often in the role of participant-observer (Dade, Tartakov, Hargrave, & Leigh,

The nature of the sample that is used in qualitative research designs are clearly focussed to the question that is being asked (Burns, N & Grove, S 2007). Within this study convenience sampling is used, this is a non-probability method. Convenience sampling involves choosing individuals who are closest to hand and

There were 10 different single-sex focus groups with 6 participants in each group. The groups were set up this way to enhance understanding of the topic and to promote communication within the group. This study clearly defines the roles of researchers in data collection and analysis of the data. The focus groups were 45 minute sessions with two undergrad senior students conducting the group. One student was in charge of using the topic guide to start the discussion, and the other student recording the events of the discussion. The phenomenon under study took place in two different settings. College students met within their institution and students from universities met off-campus. The data obtained in this study were analyzed appropriately. The researchers in the study used a Framework Analysis Approach. In this approach, 2 coders independently separated data into key themes and subthemes. Differences in interpretation of the data were discussed between the two coders. Goundry et. all\ (2013) stated, “a third researcher was available in case of disparities, but none were noted.” During the analytic phase of the study no biases were

Researchers who uses qualitative study for addressing a problem they are interested in are most often confronted with enormous background knowledge they could use to make their research more successful. (Flick, 2007)

Each of them has been recorded and abruptly transcribed so that it is possible to have access to all the data that could be required for a future study on the subject, since it would be impossible to replicate the study. In fact, when an interview method is used for a study, with the decrease of rigid structure, reliability decreases too. However the author's choice of using this method is understandable since the aim of the study was to show how does it feels living outside the constructed structure of society and no other method could be more accurate in the description of this. Interviews allow a deep analysis of facts are one of the most powerful ways for getting the story behind a participant’s experiences (McNamara, 1999).

Each interview and focus group audio was transcribed within 24 hours by a research assistant. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical package for social science to analyze the data set collected from the

According to Ary, Jacobs, Razavieh, and Sorensen (2006), the nature of any qualitative research study can pose limitations and ethical issues which need to be considered. Even with taking these considerations into mind, because the object of the research was a “concrete human experience,” the researcher recognized that the use of a qualitative method was “the most adequate means of knowledge production” (Brinkmann & Kvale, 2005, p. 162). Hawkins (2011), made every effort to ensure the information obtained for the study was not extremely personal to minimize potential ethical issues. Additionally, permission was obtained by the review board as well as from the participants before any information was collected.

The method of this research is a qualitative research. Qualitative research isdesigned to reveal a target audience’s range of behaviour and the perceptions that drive it with reference to specific topics or issues. It uses in-depth studies of small groups of people to guide and support the construction of hypotheses. The results of qualitative research are descriptive rather than predictive. (Qualitative Research Consultants Association, 2016).

John Michael Green the author of Looking for Alaska, Paper Towns, The Fault in Our Stars and many more! Most recently his book Paper Towns has hit the big screens in movie theaters. Just a couple of years ago his book The Fault in Our Stars, which is also the most grossed novel in 2012, was a movie hit! In Green’s schooling years he was bullied and picked on so he gets the mind of a high school outcast. “Well why did you make such a depressing ending in your book The Fault in Our Stars?” a fan asked him. Green’s response to the question above was along the lines of “This is not a fairytale, this was a book as close to reality as possible. Life is not also going to end happily, but there is hope.”

Consequently, qualitative research approach emerges from the philosophical belief that truth is socially constructed and subjective to individual experiences associated with critical theory, constructivism, interpretatism, and naturalistic paradigms (Feilzer, 2010; Ponterotto, 2010; Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007; Scotland, 2012; Venkatesh, Brown, & Bala, 2013; Vishnevsky & Beanlands, 2004). Paradigms are the philosophical underpinning that guides qualitative research methodology as result evaluating scientific merit slightly differs from the quantitative methodology. As a result, the scientific merit of qualitative lies in the credibility (trustworthiness), dependability (consistency), transferability (applicability), and comfirmability (verification/neutrality) of the data to answer the research question (Ellis & Levy, 2009; Horsburgh, 2002; Ponterotto, 2010; Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007; Vishnevsky & Beanlands, 2004).

In order to do this, a researcher must work on establishing trust among the participants being studied, while also not endangering the relationship by being overly demanding to the privileges given, such as by gatekeepers (Shenton, 2004). Therefore, the researcher should accept that limitations exist within research that cannot be controlled, and should not be taken advantage of (Freeman et al., 2007). Most importantly, qualitative research is not about predicting or generalizing results to others in society, rather gaining an understanding of human beings in various contexts (Freeman et al., 2007). In order to make the study credible, trustworthy, and valid the researcher must acknowledge shortfalls, such as recognize biases both from the researcher and participants, which perhaps affected the outcome of the research (Freeman et al., 2007). In order to prevent biases, it is best for the researcher to conduct a random sampling to ensure unknown influences (Shenton,

This qualitative study is based on the Grounded Theory methodology, a design of inquiry from a sociological perspective in which a researcher derives a general abstract theory of a process or interaction grounded in the views of participants in a study to analyze the data. This theory has two unique concepts: the constant comparison of data with emerging categories and a theoretical sampling of different groups to maximize the similarities and differences of information (Creswell, 2009, p. 13). The basic concept of this research method is to choose research participants who have lived through the phenomenon that you want to study. This meant that participants are experts of the phenomenon that the researcher sought to understand (Auerbach and Silverstein, 2003). These techniques involve a): filtering texts, which means explicitly stating your research concerns and theoretical concerns and selecting the relevant text from your interviews, which is done by reading through the transcripts one-by-one with step one in mind and highlighting relevant codes; b): listening to the transcripts for relevant information, which involves recording repeating ideas by grouping together related passages of your