The Revolution Of The 19th Century

With other Latin American uprisings occurring Simon Bolivar led the South American independence. Bolivar was a wealthy Creole born in Venezuela but educated in Spain. Influenced by Enlightenment ideas, Bolivar called for independence for all South Americans. He gained firm control of his native Venezuela in 1819. His armies then turned toward Columbia and Ecuador. In the south Jose de San Martin rallied Argentinean forces against Spain. Bolivar and San Martin met in Peru, which became independent along with Upper Peru (Bolivia) in 1824. Although Bolivar was unsuccessful in uniting South Americans into a single nation, he is known as the continent's "liberator."

Throughout Latin American History there have been several important leaders, but one leader in particular changed Latin American history forever. This particularly important early nineteenth-century leader was named Simón Bolívar. Simón Bolívar as a leader stood out from all the other leaders, because he played a crucial role in Latin American Independence. He was a revolutionary, an intellectual, and a visionary man that made Latin American independence successful during the nineteenth century.

During the election of 1800, Thomas Jefferson succeeded in defeating the incumbent, John Adams, and assumed the presidency. In terms of elections though, the election of 1800 itself was a fascinating election in that it a heavily-contested election and was effectively the first time political parties ran smear campaigns against each other during an election. The Republican Party attacked the Federalists for being anti-liberty and monarchist and tried to persuade the public that the Federalists were abusing their power through acts such as the Alien & Sedition Acts and the suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion (Tindall and Shi 315). The Federalists, on the other hand, attacked Jefferson for his atheism and support of the French Revolution

Americans, slave and free, black and white. Between 1860 and 1877, America had gone through civil war

The Revolution of 1800 concluded with Thomas Jefferson elected as the third president of the United States and the political power passed from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans.

Toward the latter part of the 19th century, bustling America, in response to the trends of industrialization and urbanization that characterized its Gilded Age, began its new century by entering into a new historical/political epoch that came to be known as the Progressive Era. This distinctive period in history (spanning from the 1890s through 1920) found progressives seeking to use the American federal government as a means of change through social, political, and economic reforms. Politically, the passage of the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th amendments are evidence of the success of progressive reformers, despite the fact that some of the new laws failed to create desired social changes. The efforts of the progressives were mainly effective when it came to social reforms related to worker’s rights and child labor, but less productive in attaining improved civil rights for African-American citizens. In addition, the government was, to a large extent, successful in the establishment of economic reforms to aid the working class, such as those enforced by Woodrow Wilson’s “Triple Wall of Privilege”; however, President Roosevelt’s famous anti-trust efforts were ultimately not far-reaching enough at the time to eliminate all problematic corporate monopolies and related corruption.

Bolivar returned to fight another day in 1813. He declared a ‘war to the death’ against Spain. He gained support from Colombia and drove the Spanish out of the Magdalena River area and amassed himself a large army. Civilian leaders in Cartagena then gave him permission to liberate western Venezuela. He did so and continued to take Caracas in August of 1813. This was known as Simon Bolivar’s “Admiral Campaign”. He went on to declare a second republic and assumed his role as a military dictator. “The Second Republic collapsed within a few months, however, because Bolivar had failed to win the support of the non-white, many of whom were instead recruited to fight with those loyal to the king.”

After many wars against Spanish loyalists in the American territory, Bolivar was able to obtain liberation from Spain for his six unified countries. Liberty, however, was different for Bolivar; in his definition, liberty “did not simply mean freedom from the absolutist state of the eighteenth century, as it did for the Enlightenment, but freedom from a colonial power, to be followed by true independence under a liberal constitution” (Bolivar/Bushnell 21). As seen after Bolivar’s military tactics, his goal to strictly liberate South America from Spaniards was

During the 19th Century there were many reform movements that took place. Reform movements were movements that were organized to reform or change the certain way of things. Reform movements did not always work but the ones that did greatly changed the way our nation operates today. There were three major reform movements that have altered the nation; the abolitionist movement, the temperance movement and the women 's suffrage movement. Without these movements, and the great leaders involved, many common rights would not exist today.

In the late nineteenth century reformers’ efforts to “save the Indians” failed due to them taking away their way of life having the conform to the ideas of the white Americans.

Mexico and South America The uprisings of Mexico and South America were similar in that the two regions both fought for independence from the oppression of Spain and Portugal imperialism, although creole elites were ultimately perceived in two distinct manners. Creole elites were seen as enemies in Mexico’s perspective, while South America viewed them as reformists. The monopoly that Spain and Portugal had over Mexico and all of South America initiated the rebellions of both geographical locations. In Mexico, peasant poverty turned the lower classes against both the Spanish and creole elites, seeing as they were a direct cause of oppression.

Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin would step in a few years later to end Spanish control of American affairs, but the end of colonial rule did not mean the end of conflict for the Latin nations; it merely turned into a game of musical chairs as to who would sit in the leader's seat. The problems were there to stay, as even Bolivar, a man who helped liberate five nations, said of his deeds, "[I] plowed the sea [accomplishing nothing]" (112).

Revolts and revolutions formed in throughout Latin America. In the lecture “Patterns of Colonial Revolts” Professor Villa-Flores stated, “(Colonization) No way to control them because of the crown not having resources to stop the violence. No professional army.” Violence broke out throughout Spanish America due to oppression based on race but also economic inequalities. While Brazil shared similar issues politically formed an empire while Spanish America completely changed their political system. Countries like Venezuela had one main leader Simon Bolivar who lead independence in multiple countries. Cudillismo became the dominate way of Spanish American nations to become independent. Cudillismo called for strong leaders rise up both militarily but also politically. In the film shown on November 29 presented how Cudillismo took hold in multiple counties like in Argentina José de San Martín and in Mexico Benito Juárez which brought radical change in their nations. In Spanish America many battles were fought for complete independence of the nations. Brazil on the other hand had little violence compared to Spanish America and remained with the shift power due to European struggles leading to independence to happen

Discuss the impacts and changes in American society as the country moved from an agrarian, self-sufficient society to a more urban-centered, industrialized society.

In the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century of England, the Industrial Revolution occurred. It is marked as an important movement in history because it introduced steam-driven machinery, large factories, and a new working class. With new manufacturing, job opportunities opened up. As the demand for employees rose, that is when the working class also began to rise. However, it not only included adults but children as well. The main reason for children to work is because it benefits the employers and their families economically. Employers made profit by having children work for low wages, and the money the children made would go towards the family income and necessities to survive. The low adult wages would not suffice for a neutral family or extended, so children had no choice but to work and help support their family. Although in need of money, there were too many dangers involved when the children were working. As a result of this, the state legislation had Acts passed for the children’s safety. The Industrial Revolution had many upsides in modernizing England, but it also uncovered that children should not be seen as workers needing money, but as young human beings that need education and protection, and the only way to initiate this is with the involvement of the state.