The Risk Factor Of Cigarette Smoking

The P.E.R.I.E. process is illustrated in this case by the steps taken to address the issue of smoking rates in adults, being impacted by the rise in adolescent smoking behaviors. The first step of this process is the Problem. In this case, the text indicates, the problem is the growth rate of smoking teens in the 80’s and 90’s (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). This in turn, led to an increase in adult smokers. This would raise rates again, after previously lowering them by approximately 50% (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). The next step is Etiology. In this step we correlate smoking with cancer and the rise of adult smoking rates with the growth of adolescent smoking rates. This in turn, correlates adolescent cigarette smoking, to the rises in cancer (morbidity), and deaths from cancer (mortality). The case study also states, “…it was also found that nearly 90% of those who smoked started before the age of 18…” (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). It was determined through behavior modification (preventing adolescent smoking), the rate of adult smokers would reduce. Thus, recommendations were introduced. The case study reveals, adolescents were targeted in cigarettes advertisements and marketing (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015). Cigarette availability was also an issue. Implementations of sales and advertisement campaign policies, were altered in reference to miners. The text reveals, once evaluated, strategies to reduce adolescent smoking

In the United States, smoking cigarettes is the number one preventable cause of morbidity and death (Bergen, 1999), and accounts for $300 Billion in health care costs and economic productivity loss (Jamal, 2015). While the national smoking rate is 16.8% (CDC, 2016), specific demographics are more susceptible to developing smoking habits: people who live below the poverty line (10.9% higher), disabled or with a limitation (6.2% higher), and males (4.7% higher) (Agaku, 2014).

According to Toll of Tobacco in the United States, Smoking is one of the issue that cause death in the US. More than 480,000 people were killed by consume Tobacco annually. By (2015) a study was made to determine the tobacco consumers. About 15.1% of all adult are a smoker, which equal approximately 36.5 million of adult smoker in the US only. High school students has an 8% of population that smoke tobacco, which equal about 1.6 million students in the US only. Ohio has a population of 15.1% of high school student who smoke and 22.5% of adults. About 6,400 of kids under 18 became smoker every day. Smoker cause cancer death for about 30.1% of population who smoke or second smoker (people who live or work in the same place with smoker).

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 18.5% of adult in Texas smoke cigarette. Among all 50 States, Texas ranks 27th for having such a high percentile of current adult smokers, and ranked 31st in mortality rate amongst the 50 States in the USA, (CDC, 2010). The incidence of smokers is high in adults aged 25-44, in males who do not complete high school degree, and in American Indian/Alaska Native. (CDC, 2010). Unfortunately, Texas ranks high among

Although it remains a large portion of the U.S’ economy, tobacco smoking can lead to a variety of diseases and disorders that affect the user. The effects of smoking tobacco not only affect the user but surrounding people as well: permanently destroying their lungs and children, increasing the chances of diseases and of cancer.

The leading cause of death in the county is heart disease followed by cancer, and both of these can be linked to smoking or second-hand smoke exposure. Methods to move toward HP2020’s goal will involve encouraging and assisting smokers to quit. The Community Guide is a free resource to help guide communities to choose programs and policies for cessation. These programs are evidenced based, research-tested and include suggestions such as increasing the unit based price on tobacco products and how this would help to decrease use, increase the number of those who quit, decrease the number of those who try cigarettes the first time and decrease the tobacco related morbidity and mortality. The research suggest the improved health effects are proportional to the size of the price increase, also noted to be effective in prevention is mass reach communication or advertising regarding the dangers of smoking and also techniques for quitting (The Community guide, n.d.). Counseling is noted to be effective alone and with the use of medications and is available through programs like the toll-free quitline in South Carolina. Healthcare professional are urged to screen patients for use of tobacco and provide cessation information to all patients and also treatment strategies such as

Raising taxes on tobacco products and implementing smoking cessation legislations can minimize the prevalence of smoking up to 30 percent to 80 percent over a 50-year period (Ekpu & Brown 2015).In 2009, NBC news stated that Kansas, one of the states, considering banning smoking at enclosed areas showed that if they banned smoking in restaurants, the state was going to save 20 million dollars in healthcare costs (Associated Health, 2009). West Virginia state implemented smoke-free laws and had an increase of almost 1 percent in restaurant employment (“Smoke Free Laws do not Harm Business,” 2017). Restaurant workers were more comfortable coming in to work knowing they would be breathing in fresh air. Although in Tennessee, percentage of adults who smoked in 2011 increased from 23 percent to 24.3 percent in 2015 (Fletcher, 2016). This increment was not that significant considering the fact that it was over a period of just 4 years. The annual health care cost in Tennessee directly to smoking increased from $2.16 billion in 2004 to $2.67 billion in 2017(“The Toll of Tobacco in Tennessee”, n.d.).

The table that was chosen from Health United States, 2014 report, was on the following determinant of health: “Current cigarette smoking among adults age 18 and over, by sex (female), race and age; United States, selected years 1965-2013”; this table (below) was listed as table 52 on the report, found on page 182. Using the data from the selected table, a specific health problem that should be the focus of one research subject in public health is cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking is a specific health problem because the table, shows the trend of cigarette smoking (with some variation), on the decline for all categories for females (race and age) as years progress. The problem of cigarette smoking still needs to be addressed

According to the Healthy People 2020, each year, approximately 480,000 Americans die from tobacco-related illnesses. Further, more than 16 million Americans suffer from at least one disease caused by smoking. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). The effect of cigarette smoking is alarming. Use of tobacco in the form of smoking is not only dangerous to the one who is smoking but also to a non-smoker. Tobacco harms a human physically and mentally. Major cause of lung cancer is smoking. It is important to prevent the use of tobacco because it is the largest preventable cause of diseases and death in the United States. According to Chin, Hong, Gillen, Bates and Okechukwu (2012) Blue-collar workers smoke at higher rates than white-collar workers and

Smoking became a staple of Southern United States culture when it's environment proved perfect for growing and harvesting tobacco. With Kentucky and North Carolina “accounting for 71% of tobacco grown in the United States,” it is easy to see how the smoking culture is so deeply embedded and loved by southerners (“Economies”). Since the birth of this relationship in the late eighteenth century, a plethora of research has shown many negative side effects of smoking tobacco, such as: cancer, increased risk for respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease, and tooth decay (“Economies”). This, along with recent bans put in place by a growing number of cities that make it a crime to smoke in public places, has paved the way for a new

Tobacco is thought to be one of the most widely abused addictive substances worldwide and while tobacco usage in the United States has appeared to have lessened in recent years, “it is still [noted as] one of the most common addictions” to cause a myriad of known health risks (Tyler, 2014). According to reports from the United States Census Bureau over the last 50 years, since the year 1964, smoking has led to the estimated deaths of over 19 million people, apprised to be around the size equivalent to that of the population of Florida, the third largest state (United States Census Bureau, 2004). The nicotine in tobacco products contains chemical agents that cause people to get hooked on smoking, creating an addiction that can negatively affect

In this study, two main behavioural risk factors were considered to measure health outcomes; smoking

An estimated 36.5 million or 15.1 % of adults aged 18 years old and older currently smoke cigarettes and more than 16,000,000 have smoking or live with diseases that are related to smoking. According to US department of health and human services, over the past five decades, there is a significant decline in cigarette smoking in the U.S. The progress has slowed in recent years and the prevalence of use of other tobacco products such as vapes, e-cigars and smokeless tobacco

The tobacco industry is important to the economy. In 1991, worldwide tobacco sales exceeded $59.8 billion and in 1992 the industry was rated as one of the top one hundred advertisers (Pechmann and Ratneshwar, 1994). However, there are high prices to pay - socially, economically, and personally - as a result of this industry. Annual mortality figures indicate that cigarette smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the United States. An estimated 390,000 people die each year of smoke related illnesses, which is greater than the combined mortality for cocaine, crack, AIDS, homicide, suicide, and alcohol abuse (Botvin, G., Baker, Botvin, E., Dusenbury, Cardwell, and Diaz, 1993).

According to the existing statistics, the greatest proportion of the world’s population does not smoke tobacco. As noted in the United States of America, only one out of four adults smoke. Tobacco product use can be grouped as one of the social problems that has brought detrimental health concerns on the long time. It has also been established that that most people start smoking at the age between 12 and 14 years old (Eaton, 2003). Despite being of great economic importance, tobacco has brought about much more harm than good. In fact, those who smoke have their life span shortened