The Role Of Augmentation Of Dysfunctional Labor With Oxytocin

Giving birth to a baby is the most amazing and miraculous experiences for parents and their loved ones. Every woman’s birth story is different and full of joy. Furthermore, the process from the moment a woman knows that she’s pregnant to being in the delivering room is very critical to both her and the newborn baby. Prenatal care is extremely important and it can impact greatly the quality of life of the baby. In this paper, the topic of giving birth will be discussed thoroughly by describing the stories of two mothers who gave birth in different decades and see how their prenatal cares are different from each other with correlation of the advancement of modern medicine between four decades.

Childbirth is one of the greatest privileges on the earth anyone could have and we, as women, should feel proud to be major contributors for it. Thus, a mother has to play a key role in aiding the healthcare workers to mitigate the health crisis associated with childbirth by performing her duties faithfully. One such associated health crisis is “Premature (preterm) birth” which occurs when the baby is born too early, before 37 weeks of gestational period (CDC, 2015). The rate of preterm birth ranges from 5% to 18% of babies born across 184 countries (WHO, 2015).

The assignment will be written in the style of the British Journal of Midwifery (BJM), the abstract is incorporated into this introduction and Harvard 2014 will be used for the referencing style.

The writer explained there could be no concern for fetal or maternal health during the delivery although some obstetricians tended to induce labor in all diabetic mothers to protect babies and mothers. Moreover, labor progress was supposedly assessed by old-fashioned methods, which resulted in performing unnecessary obstetrical practices. Intervention was imposed in cases of inaccurately labeled slow or abnormal labors and failures to progress. It is common practice that a primary cesarean generally produces subsequent surgical deliveries. The author realized that cesareans were performed because of insufficient data on laboring women’s

Randomization was used to generate what patient went to which group. The way the patients were chosen eliminated bias because “Randomization was performed according to a computer-generated list by means of sequentially numbered, opaque, sealed envelopes which revealed the allocation of the subject to either induction or expectant management”(Nielsen et al. p. 60). This secure randomization added a great strength to the study. The sample size seemed fairly large, 226 patients were split into 116 for elective induction and 110 to expectant management, although the power analysis was disclosed in this study and determined that 600 patients were required. Only 226 patients were used and because it would take 4 years to reach the required amount of patients, the study was discontinued. This was both a strength and weakness because disclosing this information made the study more honest but the quota needed to reach the best answers was not attained. The study for the 226 patients was pretty standard with the 80% power and alpha at 0.05. T-test and chi square tests were used to compare the proportions between the groups of people. The women were chosen based on the inclusion criteria of being 39 weeks gestation or older, maternal age of more than 17, fetal cephalic presentation, singleton gestation, a candidate for vaginal delivery, and a Bishop score of 5 or greater in nulliparous women and 4 or greater for multiparous women. This inclusion criterion was a concern because both nulliparous women and multiparous women were being tested together. This was a weakness because the labor patterns of a nulliparous woman compared to a multiparous woman are very variable and sure to distort study data. It was also disclosed how gestational age was achieved which included the crown rump test measured in 6-12

Over the years birthing methods have changed a great deal. When technology wasn’t so advanced there was only one method of giving birth, vaginally non-medicated. However, in today’s society there are now more than one method of giving birth. In fact, there are three methods: Non-medicated vaginal delivery, medicated vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery, also known as c-section. In the cesarean delivery there is not much to prepare for before the operation, except maybe the procedure of the operation. A few things that will be discussed are: the process of cesarean delivery, reasons for this birthing method and a few reasons for why this birthing method is used. Also a question that many women have is whether or not they can vaginally

When a baby is in Utero, the oxygen saturation is well below what it should be after birth (Lee, 2015). There is a

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy due to fetal or neonatal asphyxia is a leading cause of death or severe impairment among infants. Perinatal hypoxia can be interpreted as oxygen deficiency in the tissues immediately before or after birth. I chose this topic because I personally have been affected. My daughter suffered hypoxia during labor. At the time I did not know how dangerous and devastating it would and could be. Research has given us new insights and a better understanding of fetal growth in pregnancy. It has demonstrated that oxygen only plays a minor role in the early intrauterine development. However, hypoxia becomes more of a concern during the second and third trimester of pregnancy when fetal growth occurs. Knowing the risks, complications, and interventions is key to a successful pregnancy and avoiding hypoxia in the fetus.

The use of Pitocin (synthetic oxytocin) in labor induction and augmentation has increased dramatically over the past few decades, and this should be a great cause for concern given the many possible consequences related to it. Pitocin has been directly related to postpartum hemorrhaging in mothers and has also been associated with multiple neurological, psychological, and developmental problems in children when exposed to it during birth. Developmental disorders associated with Pitocin exposure through studies include ADHD, and autism. Another neurological disorder connected to Pitocin exposure through compiled data is bipolar disorder. These and many other issues in young children could be related to Pitocin exposure in the early

About one-third of births in the United States are by cesarean section. Due to the rising cesarean rates research and professional organizations are recommending letting labor starts on its own as a primary strategy in reducing cesarean rates. Labor starting on its own is defined as birth that occurs after the natural onset of labor without medical intervention. This includes regular, uterine contractions resulting in progressive cervical effacement and dilatation. It encourages physicians and mother to be patient around the end of pregnancy. Spontaneous labor is the best indication to determine the healthiest time for birth. Spontaneously initiated labors can lead to less labor complication labors via Pitocin induced labor or surgery (Wong,

Critique of Borders et al.’s Study (2013) “Midwives’ Verbal Support of Nulliparous Women in Second-Stage Labor”

Diligent care is required by care providers (obstetricians, anesthesiologists, and labor & delivery nurses) for the safety of the mother and child. Risk factors for identifying PPH such as multiple deliveries, a prolonged third stage of labor, episiotomies, fetal macrosomia, and history of postpartum hemorrhaging, have been documented. Yet there are women who do not have any of the risk factors, but still hemorrhage, so the medical team should be equipped regardless of these factors for everything. Algorithms, protocols, and policies have been implemented by hospitals, but it is contingent on recognizing excessive bleeding before it becomes life threatening. According to The World Health Organization (2012), all women giving birth should be offered uterotonics during the third stage of labor to prevent PPH and IM/IV oxytocin (10 IU) is recommended as the uterotonic drug of choice. Uterine Atony is the number one cause of a majority of the cases, which can be managed with the combination of a uterine massage and medication (oxytocin, prostaglandins, and ergot alkaloids). The intrauterine balloon tamponade is another option for women who do not respond to uterotonic medications. Uterine atony is usually a result of prolonged labor, preeclampsia, or a history of PPH in a previous pregnancy. Women who have blood

The objective of the study conducted by Sabol and Caughey was to evaluate the rate of neonatal acidemia which occurs in neonates with a five-minute Apgar score of ≤7. The researcher wanted to determine factors associated with an increased risk of neonatal acidemia and their associated outcomes. The Apgar score is used for fetal assessment at the time of birth, whereas, the collection of fetal cord blood gases is usually done in high-risk circumstances. It is also done in circumstances of Apgar scores of <7. Neonatal acidemia at the time of delivery can result in significant neonatal morbidity and death. Recognizing this connection, knowledge of the fetal acid-base state and detection of acidemia at the date of delivery can help as a sensitive and useful part of the assessment of a neonate's risk. It was wise of the authors to consider race/ethnicity, maternal age, insurance status, gestational diabetes mellitus, chronic hypertension, and preeclampsia. All of those factors influence the results of the study.

Childbirth can be described as one of the most rewarding and also painful experiences in a woman’s life. Most women choose some type of method to ease pain, however, there has been a lot of controversy over with pain management method is the most effective. According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control), In 2013, there were 3,932,181 births recorded in the United States, 32.7% of those births were surgical procedures. In 2012, 1.36% of recorded births occurred out-of-hospital, meaning these births took place mostly in homes or birthing centers. Without the option of medicine that a hospital provides, how were these women able to manage their pain during labor and delivery. There are many different methods for easing pain during childbirth, some methods involve the use of medicine and surgery, and others include natural techniques, such as hypnosis, Lamaze, and many others. It is a personal preference of the parents over which method is right for the needs of the mother and child. This can be an overwhelming decision for new parents to make because they have to take into consideration the safety of the mother and child, pain management for the mother and desire for medical involvement.

Pregnancy is normally the best and the happiest stage of any woman, but it can also be uncertain because anything can go wrong if you do not know exactly what to do. In order to understand the reasons of why Preterm Birth occurs, it is important to know what it is and how risky it can be. Preterm Birth is also known as Premature labor which mainly begins after “20 weeks but before 37 completed week’s gestations. Approximately 12.9 million babies worldwide are born too early every year representing an incidence of PTB of 9.6%” (Berghella, pp. 2, 8). Baby Center Medical Advisory Board says that about 12 percent of babies