The Role Of Bisphosphonates In The Treatment Of Multiple Diseases

Before starting pharmacological medication preventive measures should be taken. For example, weight-bearing exercise, calcium and vitamin D intake, quit smoking and alcohol. After that start osteoporosis medication if it is primary, but if it is secondary treat the underlying cause first. These drugs do not treat osteoporosis, but decrease further loss of BMD which include Bisphosphonates (Alendronate- Risedronate- Ibandronate- Zoledronic acid), Raloxifene (Selective estrogen receptor modulators), Calcitonin (hormone decreases bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast activity), Denosumab, Teriparatid(Parathyroid hormone). The first drug used is alendronate because of its high efficacy in preventing fractures and low cost. If the first line drug failed other bisphosnates or denosumab can be used. Ralaxofeine used as third line drug because it has a risk of developing blood clot diseases, yet it decreases the risk of breast cancer . Calcitonin is used for those who are contraindicated to the previous drugs because of its low efficacy. Teriparatid is the only drug that works by increasing BMD, but is the last drug used. It is taken for a maximum 2 years and expensive and contraindicated in those who have history or having a bone cancer. For those patients who complain of sever back pain surgery might be suitable for them as a last solution although the efficacy and safety

This cancer is a bone cancer that attack the bones, especially large bones. This cancer is named osteogenic sarcoma(Osteosarcoma) for medical term (“Osteosarcoma”, n.d.). Osteosarcoma mostly affects people under 25 years old, and it can affect old people but it is really rare(“Osteosarcoma: An Introduction.”, 2012). When this cancer attacks, it grows bones, and any type of bone (“Bone cancer”,2013). This cancer is an ancient disease that we started to recognize in 1805. Most of the symptoms are on the bones (“Bone cancer”,2013). It also is not contagious so its not passed from person to person like other diseases.

The wife of Bisclavaret was once fully dedicated and loved her husband very dearly. She was surely happy to be beside her husband and the couple mutually did not keep secrets from each other. However, people change over time in marriages; unfortunately, the static person in marriage has difficulty in swaying their partner in the right direction. In this case, the wife continuously stayed the loving and devoted wife was while Bisclavaret changed. For example, the wife expresses her concern for her husband here: “Husband and fair, sweet friend, I have a certain thing to pray of you. Right willingly would I receive this gift, but I fear to anger you in the asking”. In this quote, the wife expresses worry and fee, an example of pathos,

Specific parts of the body such as the kidneys work to regulate phosphorus and eliminate any extra consumed such as the form of phosphoric acid in soda (5). Therefore the kidneys cannot handle when too much phosphoric acid is consumed resulting in poor kidney function. Though, if the kidneys regulate the levels or amount of phosphoric acid and they start to have poor function, how do the levels of phosphorus get regulated? This commonly results in unusually high levels of phosphorus in blood which ends up lowering calcium levels which increases the risk of bone disease (6). Soda contains high amounts of phosphoric acid, and the higher the intake of phosphoric acid causes the need for an even higher intake of calcium. The balance between the two elements is a necessity for prevention of bone diseases such as osteoporosis and for proper bone density (7). Overtime the phosphoric acid weakens the body and leaches calcium from the bones (7). Excessive amounts of phosphoric acid leads to the loss of bone mineral density. There are many factors that might cause one’s likelihood to develop osteoporosis to increase such as whites and asian being more prone, older people more prone than younger, females more than males, or history of bone diseases, but lifestyle choice is a factor that can be

Slowing the rate of calcium and bone loss, therefore stopping the disease processes are the goals in the treatment of osteoporosis. Medications should be considered from the following selections. Bisphosphonates (e.g. alendronate, etidronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid) are the medications of choice for treating osteoporosis. Bisphosphonates help decrease the bone destruction by inhibiting hydroxyapatite breakdown, and increase bone mineralization, therefore increasing bone density (Medical Services

Diet and exercise are pivotal in the maintenance of bone mass density (BMD), there now several bisphosphonates that can be used to improve BMD. An increase of dietary vitamin D, K and Calcium will also help to strengthen the tight coupling relationship between osteoclasts and osteoblasts which will help to maintain healthy bone structure.

My last goal is to show my findings in a good and understandable fashion through this paper to help my readers understand more about Osteosarcoma. Audience Since osteosarcoma is a lesser known type of cancer, I want to tell about what it is, some symptoms of it, and why metastasized cancer is bad. By making my peers my specific audience, I will be able to help them better understand what osteosarcoma is and how it forms.

Osteoporosis can be detected by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. According to Rozental, Shah, Chacko and Zurakowski (2010), DXA is currently the gold standard for assessing bone mineral density. Once the elderly have found out they have osteoporosis, most turn to traditional therapies which include biphosphonates. Biphosphonates are the most widely used drug for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. According to Mamtani and Kulkarni (2009), biphosphonates inhibit osteoclast actions that reduce bone resorption. In simpler terms, these drugs increase bone mineral density and decrease bone breakdown in individuals. It also reduces the risk of fractures and prevents

It affects more than 10 million Americans over the age of 50, and more than 34 million are at risk for the disease. One out of every two women will sustain an osteoporosis-related fracture in her lifetime. Each year, osteoporosis causes 1.5 million new fractures. Of these fractures, 250,000 are hip fractures that result in death in more than 20 percent of women and 30 percent of men. Other risks include recurrent hospitalizations, increased office visits and often the need for care at extended treatment facilities. In individuals who have hip fractures, less than 25 percent of them regain full function. Talk to your doctor if you think you might be at risk for osteoporosis and ask about the benefits of oral bisphosphonates (like Fosamax, Actonel, and Boniva). Bisphosphonates are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to help prevent fractures. On the other hand, another medical term called osteonecrosis is bone damage that is extremely rare and occurs due to bone injury. The bone does not heal properly after the injury, and causes severe pain and swelling, then bone death. For example, osteonecrosis of the jaw could possibly occur in severe periodontal disease if a tooth needed to be extracted. In a situation with severe decay a simple extraction could possibly lead to the bone of the jaw not healing properly, and could result in extreme pain, inflammation, and

To illustrate the danger of canine osteosarcoma, imagine a ten-year-old Saint Bernard that has symptoms of bone cancer. The dog has extreme bone pain and loss of appetite. The dog’s owner and veterinarian decide to give the Saint Bernard pain medication. A few months later, the dog cannot walk and dies. Unfortunately, osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer in larger dogs and there is no cure. The most effective way to treat canine osteosarcoma is with amputation and chemotherapy because it manages bone pain, improves the survival time, and increases the survival rate.

In this paper, Osteosarcoma will be taken apart by details. The symptoms, treatment, signs, and other details will be discussed and explained. In a normal bone for most people there are two types of cells; osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are what build up our bones by forming the bone matrix and therefore gives us the strength in our bones. Osteoclasts on the other hand break down the bone matrix so that we don’t get too much of it and that helps the bones to keep its proper shape. In Osteosarcoma the osteoblasts are what help make up the cancer in the bones. The bones do not have as strong of a bone matrix. This type of cancer is most commonly found in kids and young adults. There are three forms of treatment but not

Another treatment is calcitonin as a nasal spray or injection, which is involved in bone metabolism. Another treatment is bisphosphonates, which help control bone remodeling and resorption. Bisphosphonates were founded in the year 1970 and is now the preferred treatment because of its better efficacy and safety profile compared to the use of calcitonin (Mayo Clinic). Researchers say that Paget’s disease occurs in three different phases. The first phase is called the lytic stage. During this phase, the rate of bone turnover is increased as to twenty times the normal rate. The second stage is called the mixed phase. In this phase, the osteoblasts increase because it is trying to keep up with the bone resorption by making new bone. As these two phases (osteoclasts and osteoblasts) repeat, a high degree of bone turnover happens. The final phase of Paget’s disease is called the sclerotic phase. During this stage, the bone formations over rule the bone resorption causing the bone to look abnormally larger and deformed. Even though the bone appears to look larger, the bone is weaker because the way of laying down the bone is in a disorganized pattern making it less dense

Throughout life the skeletal system is constantly changing. Bone modeling, formation and growth of bones, occurs from birth to early adulthood resulting in increase in skeletal mass and changes in skeletal form. Naturally the peak bone mass is achieved in the third decade of life, meaning the bones are at their strongest state in human development. Bone remodeling, a response to micro trauma and stress on the bone, is a dynamic process that also occurs through life. Bone is composed of collagen type 1, a protein, minerals such as calcium and phosphate and bone forming cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) as wells as bone resorbing cells known as osteoclasts. Calcium is a main contributor of bone strength. In fact 99% of calcium is stored in bones and teeth with one percent remaining in the blood. The process of bone remodeling is activated by stressors such as weight bearing and is necessary to maintain bone mass in an adult. It’s a dynamic process in which bone resorption is always

Citation: Chang, K., Hung, C., Chen, W., Lai, M., Chien, K., & Han, D. (2013). Effectiveness of bisphosphonate analogues and functional electrical stimulation on attenuating post-injury osteoporosis in spinal cord injury patients- a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 8(11) doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0081124

Bisoporolol is a cardioselective β1-adrenergic blocking agent used for secondary myocardial infarction MI) prevention, heart failure,ischemic heart disese pectoris and mild to moderate high blood pressure . Itsse agents β1-selectivit is thought to be due in part to its large substituents in its para position. At lower dosages less than 20 mg every day), Bisoporolol selectively blocks cardiac β1-adrenergic receptors with little responsesagainst β2-adrenergic receptors 0f its lungs and vascular smooth muscle. Receptor selectivity reduces with every day dosages is 20 mg or greater. Unlike propranolol and pindolol, Bisoporolol does not exhibit membrane-stabilizing or sympathomimetic responses. Bisoporolol possesses a single chiral centre and is administered as a racemic mixture. Only l-Bisoporolol exhibits significant β-blocking responses.