The Role Of Host Inflammatory Immune Response On Tissue Destruction

The debris that builds up in these pockets around the teeth can cause further inflammation and bacterial infection, causing a buildup of plaques that turn into hardened tartar that eventually begins to rot away at the teeth and bones. Usually, proper dental hygiene is enough to Once tooth and bone loss begin, periodontal disease begins though, periodontal disease to become more difficult to treat. Fortunately, there is a very effective surgical solution using dental implants to treat periodontal disease. Dental implants make it much easier for those in more advanced stages to slow or halt further

     Periodontal disease is more commonly known as gum disease or gingivitis. This infection is serious enough, that it can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. This chronic infection starts around the tooth and it affects the supporting bone and gums. Periodontal disease can affect anywhere from one tooth to all thirty-two teeth. The disease pathology starts with the plaque that builds up on your teeth everyday.

From the Gothenburg group, Lindhe et al., carried out a 14 year follow up of 61 out of initially 75 patients after active treatment of advanced periodontal disease, being defined as

These diseases include: respiratory disease, diabetes, coronary artery disease, stroke and rheumatoid arthritis. The bacteria that can cause periodontitis can enter the bloodstream through gum tissue, which can possibly affect the heart, lungs and other major organs in the body.

Gum Disease: The mildest form of gum disease is called gingivitis, while the more progressive form is called periodontitis. Bacteria forms in the mouth when good dental hygiene isn’t practiced on a regular basis. Gingivitis, in its early stage, is not as painful. If left untreated, the gums will become swollen and may begin to bleed, resulting in periodontitis,

Periodontal disease has two categories to classify that is known as gingivitis and periodontitis. Periodontal disease is known as a “bacteria infection that induces an inflammatory response in the periodontal tissue”(230 Gehrig,J).

Chronic periodontitis has been identified as the most prevalent form of periodontitis affecting the adults and occasionally the adolescents and children.(Merin, 2015) This periodontal disease of inflammatory origin is thought to be the result of host immune response against bacterial colonies in the subgingival plaque.(Merin, 2015) In many cases, systemic and environmental factors play a significant role in the disease progression. Common risk factors such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and smoking, contribute to periodontal destruction in genetically susceptible individuals by modifying the host’s immune reactions towards periodontal pathogens. Clinically, the diagnosis of chronic periodontitis is made based on the presence of supragingival and subgingival plaque and calculus, signs of gingival inflammation, periodontal attachment loss and radiographic bone loss. Chronic periodontitis can be further classified based on the extent and severity of periodontal destruction. Localised chronic periodontitis is diagnosed when less than 30% of the sites are affected; whereas the generalised form of the disease affects more than 30% of the sites. The severity of the disease is determined by the amount of clinical attachment loss. It is classified as mild, moderate or severe when 1-2mm, 3-4mm or 5mm or more attachment loss is recorded respectively. (Merin, 2015)

As individual’s age, one becomes more susceptible to several different types of ailments as the immune system becomes less able to fight infections. One of these ailments also includes periodontitis, which is inflammation of the gingival tissue caused by bacterial infection.

Gingivitis and periodontitis are among the most common infectious diseases in human beings which results in bone loss, tooth loosening and eventually tooth loss. Although periodontopathic bacteria are the primary etiological agents in periodontal disease, the ultimate determinant of disease progression and clinical outcome is the host's immune response(1). Lymphocyte blastogenesis studies of peripheral blood from patients with periodontal disease also suggested the involvement of cell-mediated immunity(2). The inflammatory response in children is different from that of adults. The most prevalent type of gingival disease in childhood is chronic marginal gingivitis which is characterized by an infiltrate consisting mostly of T lymphocytes and

Few would argue that diabetes mellitus is not a common disease that affects a large number of the World’s population. Shockingly, the World Health Organization reported that an estimated 347 million people globally have either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (Bossart et al., 2015). In the United States alone that number is 29 million (Wilkins, 2017). What most people do not understand is the distinct connection between diabetes and poor oral health. In fact, periodontal disease is considered to be a common complication of diabetes, proving that the connection between the two diseases is strong. Diabetes is one of the most common systemic diseases that has been studied with in-depth detail as it relates to periodontal disease. Gingivitis and periodontitis both fall under the umbrella of periodontal disease. Gingivitis is inflammation of just the gingival tissue. When gingivitis is left untreated it leads to periodontitis, which permanently damages the supporting tissue and bone.

Periodontal disease is the infection and inflammation of tissues that support your teeth. Many adults have some sort of form of the disease. Periodontal disease can ange from gum inflammation to a serious disease that’s causes damage to the tissues and even bone that support the teeth and can cause teeth to be lost. Like cavities whatever is in our mouth turns into acid, and causes build up knowns as plaque. Plaque

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemic curcumin therapy 3 on alveolar bone loss in an experimental periodontitis model on rats. 4 Material and Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups: 75 5 mg/kg/daily curcumin (C75; n=8), 150 mg/kg/daily curcumin (C150; n=8), Control (n=8), and 6 Ligated (n=8). Curcumin was administrated using gastric gavage. Experimental periodontitis 7 was induced. After 12 days, the rats were sacrificed. Right mandibles, serum samples and 8 gingival homogenates were obtained from the rats. Alveolar bone loss was measured. 9 Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) were evaluated in the serum samples and 10 gingival homogenates. The mandible samples were histopathologically examined. Results: 11 The measurements of alveolar bone loss in the mandibular molars revealed significantly 12 higher bone-loss values in the Ligated group than the Control, C75 and C150 groups. The IL- 13 1β levels in the gingival homogenates were significantly increased in the Ligated group 14 compared to those of the Control, C75 and C150 groups. The serum IL-1β levels in the 15 Ligated group were significantly higher than the Control group. The mean osteoblast 16 numbers in the Ligated group were lower than those of the Control, C75 and C150 groups. 17 The C150 groups showed significantly more osteoblasts than the Control group. The 18 osteoclast numbers in the Ligated group increased significantly compared

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the gums and supporting tissues of the teeth, resulting in attachment loss and bone resorption. The ethiopathogenesis of periodontitis is still somewhat unclear, but several different factors such

Periodontal diseases is a group of multifactorial biofilm-initiated oral diseases with common characteristic signs and symptoms including inflammation and progressive destruction of the periodontal apparatus of the teeth, namely the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligaments and alveolar bone (Berezow & Darveau, 2011; Genco & Borgnakke, 2013; Jayaraman, Shendre, Gattani, & Rajput, 2013; Krayer, Leite, & Kirkwood, 2010; Wolf & Lamster, 2011). Broadly divided into gingivitis and periodontitis, The 1999 Classification System for Periodontal Disease and Conditions contains the extensive list of all gingival and periodontal diseases (Armitage, 2004; Gu & Ryan, 2010). Gingivitis is a reversible inflammatory disorder confined to gingival tissues while periodontitis is an irreversible inflammation of the entire periodontium that exhibits clinically evident connective tissue (CT) attachment loss as well as bone resorption (Perschbacher, 2009). Gingivitis does not necessarily lead to periodontitis and periodontitis do not always lead to tooth loss (Ohlrich, Cullinan, & Seymour, 2009); though gingivitis always occurs before periodontitis (Perschbacher, 2009).

periodontal diseases are prevalent human diseases defined by the signs and symptoms of gingival inflammation and/or periodontal tissue destruction.These diseases are conventionally diagnosed by clinical evaluation of the signs of inflammation in the gingiva without periodontal tissue destruction (gingivitis) or by the presence of both inflammation and tissue destruction periodontitis). A clinical diagnosis of periodontitis ismade by measuring the loss of connective tissue attachment to the root surface -clinical attachment loss- and loss of alveolar bone -radiographic bone loss- This information provides evidence of past periodontal destruction, as well as its extent and severity. Howeverthis