The Role Of Methylphenidate As A Pharmacotherapy Treatment For The Treatment Of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder has a complicated and interesting history and because of that it is important to understands this disorders implications and comorbidity to better treat and diagnose it. Research done by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows that 11% of the US population between the ages of 4-17 are affected with ADHD; that’s 6.4 million children and the prevalence of diagnosis is only increasing (2016). It was generally assumed that ADHD was something children would grow out of but new studies show that approximately 4% of the adult population in the US are still suffering from ADHD or have developed ADHD (Breyer, J. L., Lee, S., Winters, K. C., August, G. J., & Realmuto, G. M. 2014). ADHD is

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is commonly referred to as ADHD. ADHD is a medical condition that is categorized by complications with inattentiveness or hyperactivity and impulsivity. However, these indicators must be severe enough to cause glitches with daily functioning in two of the following places: at home, in school, in the community or in the workplace. Sufferers of the disorder tend to have greater risks for other psychiatric and behavioral disorders. ADHD use to be thought of as a childhood disorder, however, more research shows that ADHD continues into adolescence and also into adulthood. ADHD can have serious effects on a person’s quality of life; Socialization, school performance, and behavior are some of the areas in

Attention Deficit hyperactive disorder is a prevalent and ever rising affliction in modern societies. “According to the American Psychiatric Association (2009), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental disorders in school-aged children(Saemi 179)”.While the initial response to handling the syndrome is to medicate it and continually medicate to stem the Simpsons. This is not a temporary instance to cure the disease just a never ending cycle. It is my belief that not only is the medication over prescribed, but the alternative methods are to quickly overlooked. To clarify, I do not argue that the medication is uncalled for and should be removed. Only that everyone who has the condition should be

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is classified as a syndrome that is comprised of a variety of behaviors that often arises in early childhood and is characterized by extremely high levels of motor activity, difficulties with attention span and concentrating, and/or impulsive behaviors (Cook & Cash, 2011). It has been estimated in the United States that approximately 20% of children and adolescents display signs of a psychological or behavioral disorder according to Luthy, David, Macintosh, Eden, and Beckstrand (2015). ADHD is considered one of the more prevalent psychological disorders in children, with approximately 3-7% of school-age children with an ADHD diagnosis as mentioned by Luthy et al. (2015).

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD, is the lifespan neurodevelopment disorder, that symptomizes of inattentiveness, impulsiveness, forgetfulness, distractibility and hyperactivity and is highly heritable and this heritable disorder has been transition, or a process that events throughout the lifespan should not affected it, into adulthood (Swift, Sayal, & Hollis, (2014); Ertekin, et. al.,). Often, adults with ADHD also experience a negative effect on socio-personal adaptation (Miranda et al., 2014). Young adults with ADHD fall I not the category between Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, also known as CAMHS, and Adult Mental Health Service, or AMHS: it is possible that ADHD in adults is not recognizable

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD, has become a well-known disorder that our ears hear lightly and many don’t think twice about. Although, ADHD is presented in over 11,000,000 people that are living in the United States (Frank, 2017). ADHD is prevalent in both women and men of all various ages. Once one has this disorder, it stays with them forever. However, many therapists as well as psychologist believe that this disorder is over diagnosed and leads into false and inaccurate prescriptions. Due to ADHD being primarily diagnosed at the age of 7 (Holland, 2014), the main symptoms leading into the identity of ADHD are hyper activity, being easily distracted, acting out, daydreaming, physical aggression, and a lack

Attention Deficient Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a widely diagnosed disorder among people, and with a multitude of sources to choose form, it can become difficult to find credible information. From social media to self-diagnoses websites, ADHD is discussed in detail throughout the internet. With all this information, one might think it is easy to become educated. This may not be the case, especially for a widely popular topic such as ADHD. One must have the right methods of choosing reliable and credible resources. A prime example of a reliable resource is the National Institution of Mental Health’s webpage (NIMH) on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The NIMH’s webpage is a credible source because it provides accurate, authoritative,

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) a neurobehavioral and cognitive disorder that is characterized by inattentive, impulsive and hyperactivity symptoms (Ko et al., 2013). It is a highly prevalent disorder among child and adolescent populations although approximately 15% of patients have been found to meet full symptom criteria into adulthood (Hoogman et al., 2013). ADHD has been related to various cognitive deficits in major areas of executive functioning such as planning, working memory decision making, goals setting, emotional attending (Ernst et al., 2003; Ko et al., 2013; Hulvershorn et al., 2014). In the past several decades, as technology has advanced and become more available for research purposes, researchers have been interested in looking at the neurological substrates that underpin Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Many studies since have found that abnormalities in various regions of the brain are closely associated with specific behavioral and cognitive deficits that that are characterized by ADHD.

The validity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) occurring for the first time within adulthood has been in recent years heavily debated. ADHD is a serious, oftentimes depleting developmental brain disorder, predominating in young children and adolescents (Muller & Asherson, 2012; Karam, et al., 2009; Hesslinger, et al., 2003; Taylor, et al., 2011; Tannock, 2013; Faraone, et al., 2006). ADHD is defined as a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity that is more regularly exhibited and more severe than observed in individuals of an equivalent developmental level (Faraone, et al., 2000; Muller & Asherson, 2012). Symptoms comprise of forgetfulness, lack of attention, physical restlessness, impulsivity, disorganised and hyperactive behaviour (Muller & Asherson, 2012; Hesslinger, et al., 2003). DSM-IV diagnostic criteria requirement is symptoms must have presented prior to seven years of age, six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more hyperactivity-impulsivity be present, and there be impairment within social, work and academic (Faraone, et al., 2000; Hesslinger, et al., 2003; Taylor, et al., 2011;

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common disorder that affects children, adolescents and adults. As the renowned psychiatrists Biederman and Faraone put it, ‘’ADHD is highly prevalent worldwide, is associated with substantial and far-reaching impairments in functionality, and frequently persists into adulthood’’. In other words, Biederman and Faraone assert that ADHD is a widespread problem in every society that starts to manifest in childhood and lingers into adulthood resulting in discernible impairments at multiple levels of functioning. These experts’

Methylphenidate, more commonly known as “Ritalin” was synthesized in 1944 (U.S. Pharmacist, 2002). By 1954, it was being tested on humans to treat “chronic fatigue, depression, psychosis associated with depression, narcolepsy, and to offset the sedating effects of other medications.” (U.S. Pharmacist, 2002) The intent was to use Ritalin to treat the “hyperkinetic syndrome.” (U.S. Pharmacist, 2002) Which was later named Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but wasn’t introduced until the 1960s. Many studies have been conducted in order to determine the effects that it has on the brain, as well as the tolerance, dependence, and withdrawal that may be endured with being prescribed Ritalin. Within the studies, the effectiveness that this medication had on children and youth was considered. This research has shown that Ritalin does in fact have a negative impact on health. It is overprescribed to children, and it is actually unnecessary.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a chronic condition including attention difficulty, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness, has been diagnosed in millions of American children and adults (CSPI, 1999). ADHD is prevalent in the United States, effecting approximately 5% -10% of the population (Boris, Mandel, 1994). Though considered a biological and psychological dysfunction, the cause is often considered idiopathic, and the pathogenesis is still unknown (Boris, Mandel, 1994). The median age of onset is approximately five years old, and researchers generally agree that ADHD has a genetic root and can pass from one generation to the next. (Farmer, Compton, Burns, Robertson, 2002)

The purpose of this research was to describe and understand Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the most effective treatment options that are available today. ADHD is a mental health disorder that affects 3-9% of the population in ways that, if left untreated, can wreak havoc on the mind of the sufferer. It makes concentration difficult, large tasks seem insurmountable, and causes impulsive and hyperactive tendencies. Fortunately, research and experiments have led to new and effective treatments to help those who suffer from this disorder (Dupaul 8). This research examined journal articles and internet sources on the topic to help unlock the complexities of the disorder through scientific research. It also was a way to

ADHD is an abbreviation for attention deficit/hyper activity disorder. It is commonly referred to as a psychiatric disorder in need of therapy. The origination of the disease is in the neuro-physiological brain construct, and the main cause of the disorder is considered to be genetic (Wilson, 2012). Many children with ADHD struggle with impulsivity, hyperactivity, and inattention (Unnever, Cullen, & Pratt, 2003). According to McNamara, Vervaeke, and Willoughby (2008), “attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder among children and adolescents. It affects between 3% and 5% of school age children” (p. 38). In a

“Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition affecting children and adults that is characterized by problems with attention, impulsivity, and overactivity” (CHADD). “It is a neurobiological disorder that affect 3-7 percent of school age children and may be seen as before the age of 7. The current diagnostic label is attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, however, in the past several other names have been used, such as brain-damaged, minimal brain dysfunction, hyperkinetic impulsive disorder, and attention deficit disorder (CHADD). ADHD is a controversial disorder. Some understand it to be a true disability, while others believe “good teaching and discipline at home resolve the problems” (Kauffman 2005).