The Role Of Pdc And Irf7 Cells Promote Host Defense Against Viral Induced Asthma Pathology Via Irf7 Expression

Asthma itself is an inflammatory disease characterized by increased airway responsiveness due to a variety of stimulus. The inflammation causes the hyper-responsiveness than in turn causes bronchiolar smooth muscle constriction, resulting in obstruction of airflow. Some

The innate and adaptive immune response start with exposure to an antigen in the epithelium of

There are differences in gene expression for the innate immune response genes, IFN-α and IFN-β between donors. The data indicate that there is greater response in the asthmatic donor indicating that they may have robust immune response; IFN-α genes was expressed 8 fold higher in the asthmatics in comparison to the normal donor and this might be expected to correspond to greater symptoms. Based on the expression of IL8, the asthmatic donor would be expected to elicit a lesser neutrophil response, indicating defects in their immune system. The differences in gene expression of IL25, IL33, CCL11, and TGF-β, cytokines central to eliciting an allergic inflammation, are minimal in comparison to the others. However, more donor cells must be tested to confirm the preliminary

Serious respiratory diseases such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), including chronic bronchitis and emphysema, are a leading cause of morbidity and death worldwide. Asthma, a chronic disease that involves inflammation of the airways, bronchoconstriction, and intermittent (usually reversible) airflow obstruction, also affects numerous individuals worldwide. Both COPD and asthma are common obstructive lung disorders that affect over 49 million people in the US (1). While the pathology of asthma and COPD are distinct, both diseases share some features. Asthma is often a childhood disease, but some patients manifest symptoms or develop the disease as adults.

Once an individual is diagnosed with chronic bronchitis, they have a few options for treatment. Although chronic bronchitis cannot be cured, there are several effective methods to reduce the effect of the disease. For the chronic smokers that are diagnosed, smoking cessation is the single most effective intervention in chronic bronchitis (Chaudhry et al., 2013). Bronchodilators (beta-2 agonists) can be inhaled to cause bronchodilation of the smooth muscles cells, and corticosteroids act by inhibiting transcriptions factors to reduce inflammation of the airway (Chaudhry et al., 2013). Although both corticosteroids and bronchodilators improve FEV1, reduce

Asthma is an inflammatory condition of the airways causing attacks of wheezing and breathlessness. It affects a person’s

In this article Dr. Foaud explains the inflammatory response that occurs in the airways of asthma patients and how the different types of cells and respiratory epithelial interact in the process. Respiratory epithelium, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, and leukocytes all play an critical part in not only the inflammatory response but also in the way that they may be utilized to inhibit the response to help treat asthma. The article also explains how chemokines recruit inflammatory cells to the airways. The inflammatory response seen in asthma

Lung inflammation will be scored by a treatment-blind observer. The degree of peribronchial and perivascular inflammation will be evaluated on a subjective scale of 0-3, as described previously [37]. Briefly, A value of 0: no inflammation is detectable; a value of 1: occasional cuffing with inflammatory cells; a value of 2: most bronchi or vessels are surrounded by a thin layer (one to five cells thick) of inflammatory cells; a value of 3: majority of bronchi or vessels are surrounded by a thick layer (more than five cells thick) of inflammatory cells. Total lung inflammation will be defined as the average of the peribronchial and perivascular inflammation scores. Five lung sections per mouse will be scored and inflammation scores will be expressed as a mean

Bronchiolitis is defined by the textbook as, “a diffuse, inflammatory obstruction in the small airways or bronchioles occurring most commonly in children” (Heuther & McCance, 2012). It is an acute inflammatory disease of the lower respiratory tract that occurs most commonly in infants and is caused by infection with seasonal viruses such as respiratory synctial virus (RSV) (Zorc & Hall, 2010). Bronchiolitis often results from an obstruction of the small airways. It is the leading cause of infant hospitalization in the United States (Zorc & Hall 2010) and is arguably the most common significant medical illness of childhood, with at least “1 in 7 normal infants developing symptomatic bronchiolitis in his or her first year of

Introduction: Late onset obese asthmatics are associated with reduced L-arginine and greater levels of asymmetric di-methyl arginine (ADMA). This imbalance increases nitric oxide synthase (NOS) uncoupling leading to reduced nitric oxide (NO) and increased oxidative and nitrosative stress. However, the role of the human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) in regulating this process in asthma is unknown.

Intrinsic asthma is characterized by airway obstruction and inflammation that is at least partially reversible

Cardiff scientists have recently found a link to the airway inflammation found in asthma patients. This inflammation

There are three features that can clearly distinguish asthma: i) persistent inflammation of the airways leading to ii) airflow obstruction and iii) bronchial hyperresponsiveness ([2] - [3]). However, asthma can be identified as a heterogeneous disease. That is, not a unique disease, but consists of several distinct diseases, each of which are caused by a specific underlying pathophysiological mechanism. These distinct diseases have been labelled as asthma endotypes, as proposed by [4]. Endotypes are defined as subtypes of a condition which have identical clinical symptoms, but each being caused by a unique pathophysiological mechanism [1]. Furthermore, there exist various factors which play a significant role in the persistence and development

Cellular Basis Of Disease: Why has the discovery of Toll-like receptors revolutionised our understanding of how the innate immune system works, and what is the therapeutic potential?

The airways present a large surface area constantly exposed to pathogens and toxic compounds/particulates which may cause harm to the organism were it to pass into the blood stream. To combat this, the airways have evolved a plethora of defence mechanisms shield against these attacking agents, namely the innate immune response. The respiratory epithelium is the most abundant cell type in the innate immune response. It provides a physical barrier to invasion, aided by the presence of the mucocilary blanket lining the epithelial cells. Pathogens trapped in this mucosal layer can be cleared mechanically by ciliary action, coughing and sneezing. This is further reinforced with a cellular response in the form of mononuclear phagocytes; such as monocytes,