The Role of Metaphors in Understanding Artificial Intelligence

As scientists continue to their research, fundamental questions about intelligence are brought to the surface.

The strongest usage of metaphor in this poem is in the first stanza in the line “write their knees with necessary scratches”. While scratches cannot be written, words can, so this insinuates that children learn with nature, and that despite its fading presence in today’s urban structures, it is a necessary learning tool for children. The poet has used this metaphor to remind the reader of their childhood, and how important it is to not just learn from the confines of a classroom, but in the world outside. This leads to create a sense of guilt in the reader for allowing such significant part of a child’s growing up to disintegrate into its concrete surroundings. Although a positive statement within itself, this metaphor brings upon a negative

Another key milestone of cognitive psychology is the computer metaphor. The computer metaphor is the comparison between the human brain and that of an operating machine (Galotti, 2014, p. 11). Operating machines and the cognition of humans share

With new technological advancements occurring more rapidly each year, it is no surprise that there is an extensive conversation about how these new progressions impact the brain’s development and cognition. One trend is evident: there is a universal acknowledgment that technology is indeed changing the way we think. Among the members contributing to this conversation, two strikingly different outlooks on how these changes will affect the future exist. Either we should be terrified, or worrying is premature. Articles written by experts specializing in psychology and the brain, such as Pinker’s “Mind Over Mass Media,” as well as "How Has the Internet Reshaped Human Cognition?" by Kee and Loh, as well as and finally “Children, Wired- for

What if i were to ask you a question? What makes you capable to think about your answer? What do you think makes you capable of reading this paper? Do you remember learning skills you still use today like learning to talk or walk even think? What if i were to ask you to recall your favorite memory of your happiest or saddest day would you remember it clearly? Clearly your brain is at work in all these examples but how does your brain understand this jumble of words in this paper? I 'll explain how that works and how the brain of a certain generation can affect everything even the economy

In Nicholas Carr’s book The Shallows, he talks about how the invention of the typewriter both helped and hurt writers. The machine makes writing more efficient, but as this is happening, “our writing equipment takes part in the forming of our thoughts (19).” He argues that the human brain is “plastic” or malleable, that new connections are formed every day and it is constantly learning. Technology will never have the power of the human brain because, unlike the mind, a computer cannot learn and make discoveries for itself. It can download new software, but it will never determine the cure for an epidemic or learn how to do a new dance move. Technology is however changing the plasticity of the brain. Since computers starting thinking for people, their brains have begun to figuratively decay; they are no longer as malleable and cannot learn as quickly or as much. The problem with technology and the reason people’s brains do not function the way they previously did is that people do not use technology as it is intended to be used. They overuse search engines like Google so that they have to do less thinking. The purpose of technology is to be a tool to the mind expand itself, not attempt to expand it on its own. People are thinking more robotically because technology is becoming a part of their brain; humans in the developed world cannot function without the technologies of today because they have grown completely dependent on computers and phones to do much of their work for them. If people were to read more, using their own minds and imaginations, technology would become a less prevalent part of every day life because they could depend on their own mind instead of information spitting from a

In today’s modern world, recent scientific research has been conducted, which reveals that world-wide IQ test scores have risen, and continue to rise every year. In Alison Gopnik’s article, “Smarter Every Year? Mystery of the Rising IQs,” she discussed how these recent scientific discoveries relate to our society throughout the last century. It is evident that in our society a person’s level of intelligence is extremely important in our culture which is obsessed with being knowledgable. In her article, Gopnik addresses the historical evidence that supports the conclusion that people are getting smarter as the years go on because of today’s society. Gopnik effectively explains the fact that people’s IQs are rising every year, by using the results

This day in age, technology is more present in our lives than it’s ever been. Every day we constantly check our phones, emails, tablets, and even smart watches. These devices have opened doors that we previously didn't even know existed. They are outlets to unlimited knowledge from all over the world. Although many people, including me, have grown up with these commodities, they are still extremely new. Home computers have only been mainstream for 20 years or so, while smartphones have only been mainstream for about 5 years! What all this leads itself to, is that we are just now able to observe the way this new technology and instant access to knowledge can affect our brain. Author, Nicholas Carr, believes that the world’s largest search engine, Google, has molded our brains to be incapable of deep thought, and that it also even makes us stupid.

Charles Spearman’s theory (1904) also takes the psychometric approach that there is a general intelligence. Spearman maintains that intelligence is hereditary and an individual is born with their maximum mental ability. This suggests that intelligence cannot be changed or strengthened. The concept of ‘general intelligence’ suggests that an individual has an underlying intelligence, in which their performance in one type of cognitive task is often similar to their performance in another (Boundless 2013). Spearman demonstrated this through the correlations between tests, where individuals who performed well in one test, often performed well in others. This led Spearman to the conclusion that intelligence is defined as a single factor. However, critics refute Spearman’s conclusions, as they argue that one cannot reduce all factors of intelligence to an indefinable “g” (Neisser et al. 1996).

Metaphors are used to help us understand ideas and topics. And when technology is mixed in that can lead to new discoveries and understanding. I will be analyzing two metaphors through Steven Johnsons How We Got to Now's chapter sound. Using the metaphors technology as text and technology as tool, from Information Ecologies: Using Technology with Heart by Bonnie Nardi and Vicki O’day, will help us understand the impact technology has in innovation and social change.

Human intelligence is one of the most complex and abstract things in the world, but because of one test created by Lewis Terman, a professor of psychology at Stanford University, we are able to see it as a small, simple number (Epstein, 1973). An Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Test scores human intelligence on a numerical scale. Within this scale there are several categories which people are placed in as shown in Table 1. These scores, categories, labels, are tidy, easy to remember, and can greatly influence one’s life. They can act almost like a name tag, and become an identifying factor wherever you go.

“High school is hell” is a dominant metaphor in Josh Whedon's cult television show, Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Many people only view metaphor as the rich language of rhetorical discourse, plus elaborate classical prose and poetry. However, metaphor is more often found in everyday language when further investigated. It is imperative to understand the spirit of metaphor. When one kind of thing, idea, or concept is known or experienced in another way, this is metaphor. Authors George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their book Metaphors We Live By exploring how metaphor is used in everyday language. The authors define and explain the conduit metaphor and how it relates to context. In addition, Lakoff and Johnson describe total metaphorical structuring and argue why they cannot be that way.

This quote is intriguing since it can be translated in a number of interpretations; however, each discloses a similar allegation. One interpretation may relay a metaphor in which the simple action of thinking a particular idea relates to loading the pistol and when spoken aloud, the bullet are shot. Thoughts are inevitable; human nature is merciless, forcing us to constantly consider the right and wrong, best and worst, harm or aid, etc. It is when these silent mentalities are exposed, culminating with other peoples’ that problems truly arise, usually in a more aggressive manner. From another perspective, one may translate already spoken words as loaded pistols and the resulting actions are the firing pistol. This is incredibly close to the

Beginning leaders of the field include René Descartes, Immanuel Kant, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget. Many contemporary cognitive psychologists utilize a computer metaphor and the concept of “information processing” (Farah, 2000).

* Developments in computer science would lead to parallels being drawn between human thought and the computational functionality of computers, opening entirely new areas of psychological thought. Allen Newell and Herbert Simon spent years developing the concept of artificial intelligence (AI) and later worked with cognitive psychologists regarding the implications of AI. The effective result was more of a framework conceptualization of mental functions with