The Rorschach Inkblot Test Was Developed By Hermann Rorschach

There are many research studies conducted in the past that would not be considered ethical today. This essay will review two research methods, whilst taking into account the ethical standards of modern psychology. The focus of this essay will be; ‘Landis’ Facial Expressions Experiment 1924’ carried out by Carney Landis and ‘’Milgram’s Obedience Experiment’ carried out by Stanley Milgram. Both experiments were carried out under immoral circumstances and perhaps should never have been allowed to take place. Nowadays, neither would be considered acceptable.

On this note, the psychodynamic theory also provided psychological treatments which are still widely used today in therapy for personality disorders. These two treatments in psychodynamic theory are the Rorschach inkblot test and assessment/analysis of dreams. In the Rorschach test the subjects perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analysed using psychological interpretation, complex scientifically derived algorithms or both. These can be used to assess an individual’s personality characteristics. However this Rorschach test itself has been strongly criticised. Firstly

In the book “Opening Skinner’s Box,” written by Lauren Slater, there is a chapter dedicated to the social psychologist, Stanley Milgram, and his obedience to authority experiments. Milgram assembled one of the most malicious deceptions in the psychiatric field. He crafted what basically turned out to be an electric chair. To test his theory that obedience wasn’t in one’s personality but rather in the situation of the matter, Milgram gathered willing test subjects and instructed them to administer what they assumed were deadly shocks of electricity to another person who faked, pain and perhaps death (31). The experiment was set up with one test subject being a teacher and the actor being the learner, the “teacher’s” job was to administer shocks when the learner made a mistake in the pair of words read to him, increasing the voltage with every wrong answer.

Question 1.1. (TCOs 1, 2) Participants in research early in psychology’s history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, texture, and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called (Points : 2)

The Rorschach inkblot test is one of the most widely known psychological projective test of personality, and the most controversial. In general, projective tests are psychoanalytically based tools that assist clients to reveal their unconscious conflicts via responses towards ambiguous stimuli, and can also help psychologists to determine psychological disorders. Specifically, the Rorschach allows individuals to interpret a series of abstract inkblots based on their emotional and cognitive function, as well as interaction (Barlow & Durand, 2009).

The Milgram Obedience Study was an experiment conducted by Stanley Milgram in 1963 to observe how far people would obey instructions that resulted in harming another individual. The experiment consisted of a “learner” engaging in a memory task and a “teacher” testing the “learner” on the task, administering electrical shocks to the “learner” each time an incorrect answer was given; the electric shocks started out small from 15 volts, labeled as “SLIGHT SHOCK”, all the way to 450 volts, labeled as “X X X”—of course, that was what the participant was told. The true purpose of the experiment was not disclosed until after the experiment and the “random selection” of who would be the “teacher” or “learner” was rigged so that the participant was always the “teacher” and the “learner” was always an actor. The shocks, naturally, were never given to the “learner”, and the “learner” gave responses that were scripted, both in answers to the questions and in responses to the shocks.

Likewise Tuskegee studies, the Milgram test was an endeavor to decide how those denounced at the Nuremberg Trials could legitimize their cases that they were just complying with the requests of the Nazi authority. The members who were enlisted as educators have been educated that the electric stun and the agonizing sounds they got notification from the understudies were really counterfeit. Truth be told, they were misdirected all through the entire procedure, however they wound up noticeably imperative instruments that found how human inner voice responds when a kindred individual experience torment that is caused by one's self. Besides, the analysis investigated how orders from an expert that asked for their aggregate submission influenced

The Milgram Experiment is one of the most famous studies in psychology. It was carried out by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist from Yale University. The purpose of the experiment was to study how far people would go in obeying an instruction from an authority figure if it involved hurting another person. Milgram wanted to study whether Germans were more obedient to authority as this was what people believed was the main reason for Nazi killings in World War II. 40 males were chosen to participate in the study, and were paid $4.50 for attending. The experiment was carried out as follows:

In the original experiment by David Rosenhan, he wanted to show that the social control wielded by psychiatrists was not backed up by skills of accurate diagnosis. Along with eight other colleagues, he tried to infiltrate mental hospitals. To get in, they were to present with a voice saying thud. After being admitted, if they were, they were to behave typically to see if they would be exposed as impostors (Slater 63).

This was due to his belief that psychology should be studied as internal processes that were mediated socially and then culturally communicated. He conducted experiments ‘on-site’ in schools and playgrounds and showed that field testing had immense benefits and could be used in place of laboratory testing or as a follow-up method.

The Kids and Dolls Experiment Revisited was a study to prove whether or not black

Many of the test were conducted through closed doors and kept secret while many of these experiments were deemed highly illegal and would often fall to the level of torture. One MKULTRA subproject experiment was the use of electronic control of to alter human behavior. This was titled as subproject 119. It raised funds for a study on bio-electrical signals used on the test subject, and the control on peoples mind by a remote control device. Some documents that were declassified from the early 50’s included the use of hypnosis. Goals were the birth of "fears as a result of the hypnotizing”, “obtaining higher ability to remember location and how to handle objects." and ability to learn complex material ". These also included drug induced hypnosis and amnesia. One technique used for conducting an “experiment” was injecting a hypnotic tranquilizer used for sleeping into subject left arm and then injecting a powerful amphetamine into his other arm. First as soon as the downers were released into the subject, and right as soon as the person fell asleep, the uppers were activated. The person was hit with a jolt of energy but in his intoxicated downer state, he would then babble incoherently, sometimes, in that state of being, it was possible to extract answer from question during interrogation. Other drugs used for the purpose of conducting experiments were benzodiazepines, opiates, psychedelics, cannabis, intoxicants, and other dissociative substances. MKULTRA also used LSD to conduct experiments, these experiments soon became to dominate the types of conducted test. It was understood LSD distorted a person's reality, and others wanted to know if it could be used to change perception of reality. Mainly, it was important to figure out how to make Soviet spies give answers and provide vital intelligence. Unable to find willing participants, the administration of

Doctor’s Kenneth and Mamie Clark were psychologists who conducted several experiments in the 1940s. The most famous of these experiments were colloquially known as doll tests. They were aimed at studying the psychological effects of discrimination or segregation on African American children. In this test, the psychologists used four dolls that were identical. However, the colors of the dolls were different two were black; two were white. They wanted to test the children’s perception of race.

Stanley Milgram conducted one of the most controversial psychological experiments of all time: the Milgram Experiment. Milgram was born in a New York hospital to parents that immigrated from Germany. The Holocaust sparked his interest for most of his young life because as he stated, he should have been born into a “German-speaking Jewish community” and “died in a gas chamber.” Milgram soon realized that the only way the “inhumane policies” of the Holocaust could occur, was if a large amount of people “obeyed orders” (Romm, 2015). This influenced the hypothesis of the experiment. How much pain would someone be willing to inflict on another just because an authority figure urged them to do so? The experiment involved a teacher who would ask questions to a concealed learner and a shock system. If the learner answered incorrectly, he would receive a shock. Milgram conducted the experiment many times over the course of 2 years, but the most well-known trial included 65% of participants who were willing to continue until they reached the fatal shock of 450 volts (Romm, 2015). The results of his experiment were so shocking that many people called Milgram’s experiment “unethical.”

Did you ever ask yourself who you really are? The Rorschach test tries to answer to this question. The Rorschach test is a projective test which means the subjects projects his unconscious mind and thoughts in the image to describe and explain it. There are a lot of different projective tests, but in this case, an inkblot test. In this essay we will discuss whether this test is still valid or not. We are firstly going to present you the creator of this test and what it is all about, after that, we will present you the different inkblots and what they reveal, and finally we will debate on the reasons that pushes this test to be more invalid than valid.