The Rosetta Mission

This researcher proposes that the dinosaurs did not die of heat, in fact she thinks the opposite, that they froze to death instead. Both articles have the same idea about a meteorite hitting the earth yet there is no concrete evidence as to what caused the meteorite to strike and what it did when it got here.

Large amounts of iridium – a chemical element that is not a part of the Earth’s crust composition – were originally found in rocks of Europe and United States, and have been found everywhere ever since. Iridium, common in meteorites, is a testable evidence of the disaster hypothesis. Gould continues that the Cretaceous debacle, which is one of five episodes of mass dying, occurred at the same time as the large comet might have smashed into the Earth. The author believes this is not merely a coincidence, rather, it is a proof of the cause-effect relationship. The demise of a wide range of habitats along with the extinction of dinosaurs gives an inestimable advantage to the disaster theory over other claims, the author adds. The comet struck the Earth, and habitats, from terrestrial to marine, died with geological suddenness. Finally, this hypothesis has had an impact on the study of an atomic war and its consequences. A nuclear war, Gould says, may cause a huge drop in temperatures and result in the extinction of humanity. Testable evidence, study, development, contribution – all this makes good science.

Gerta Keller, professor of geosciences at Princeton University, has recently conducted research on the Chicxulub asteroid in which she analyzed new core samples taken from the asteroid site (Botzer 2004). These samples indicate that the impact that occurred at Chicxulub actually predated the mass extinction of the dinosaurs, which occurred at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary about sixty-five million years ago. Keller claims that the Chicxulub impact occurred approximately 300,000 years before the extinction (Keller 2004). Although previous researchers estimated that the Chicxulub asteroid was the cause of the extinctions, there had always been doubts about the exact age and size of the crater, and about the origin of the “mega tsunami deposits” that were located within the crater (Keller 2004). The focus of Keller’s recent research was on finding some answers to these questions. To do so she analyzed Cretaceous limestone, dolomite, and anhydrite deposits as the site of the Chicxulub crater (Keller 2004).

pag). This seems to be the case because from the beginning, one creature has emerged into a more-developed one. It would be logical for humans, being the most evolved, to emerge into a greater creature with something of "superhero" qualities, one who would be invincible, and a species that would never perish. In comparison to this theory, anthropologist, John Hawks, states, "If in the far distant future, habitable planets beyond our solar system were colonized by Earth migrants, that could provide the necessary isolation for new human species to evolve" (Owen; n. pag). Although this seems highly likely to many, human evolution will cease to exist after this meteor hits Earth. Humans are a very vulnerable and fragile species, a species that can only handle so much. David Christian of Big History says that "humans would drown if we were left in water for too long and would freeze or asphyxiate if we were shot ten kilometers into the atmosphere" (Christian; n. pag). This is exactly why the theory of the destructive meteor is, in fact, accurate. If, or when, this meteor strikes, humans will face the same struggle in which the dinosaurs faced and they too will be classified extinct. The magnitude of this meteor will act like a self destruct button, destroying everything in its path, leaving no sign of further evolution

There are a lot of theories about why the K-T extinction occurred, but a widely accepted theory was proposed in 1980 by a physicist named Luis Alvarez and his son Walter Alvarez who was a geologist. the theory is that an asteroid 4-9 miles (6-15 km) in diameter hit the Earth about 65 million years ago, creating the Chicxulub crater at the tip of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. The crater is more than 110 miles in diameter and 12 miles in depth. It is one of the largest confirmed impact structures on Earth; The impact would have penetrated the Earth's crust, scattering dust and debris into the atmosphere, and causing huge fires, tsunamis, severe storms with highly acidic rain , seismic activity, and perhaps even volcanic activity . The impact could have caused chemical changes in the Earth's atmosphere, increasing concentrations of sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and fluoride compounds. The heat from the impact's blast wave would have incinerated all the life forms in its path. The evidence for the impact was first discovered by Walter Alvarez and some of his colleagues. They found that rocks laid down precisely at the K-T boundary contain extraordinary amounts of the metal iridium. The dating is precise, and the iridium layer has been identified in more than one hundred places around the Earth. Where the boundary is in marine sediments, the iridium occurs in a layer just above the last Cretaceous microfossils, and the sediments above it contain Paleocene microfossils from the earliest part of the Cenozoic. Iridium is much rarer than gold on Earth, yet in the K-T boundary clay iridium is usually twice as abundant as gold, sometimes more than that. The same high ratio is found in meteorites. The Alvarez group therefore suggested that iridium was scattered worldwide from a cloud of debris that formed as an asteroid struck somewhere on Earth. Shocked quartz was

It should be easy to say that the Earth was created by a higher power. For a Christian this higher power is God. The Bible gives us the six day creation of the heavens and the Earth and all that dwell upon it. For anyone else, the higher power is some unknown power that science is still trying to figure out. There are a lot of theories in science about how the Earth was created. One of these theories is the big bang theory. The essay will compare the two theories and show how different they are.

Lisa Randall, a cosmologist who studied at Harvard, affirms on her theory that sixty-¬six million years ago, based on her dark-matter disk model, a miniscule tic, caused by an invisible force in the distant reaches of the cosmos, threw a comet three times the width of Manhattan towards the Earth at about 38,500 miles per hour. The crash created the most powerful earthquake of all time and released energy a billion times that of an atomic bomb, like a burning incinerator, the atmosphere dramatically heated and killed three-quarters of life on Earth. As a result, creatures less than 55 pounds survived; among them were some dinosaurs: the Microraptor that stood about 16 inches, the Theropod which averaged about two feet long and weighed about seven pounds and the Saltopus, also standing about two feet. As you might know, ordinary matter contains an

The impact hypothesis, believes that an asteroid hit the earth that killed all the dinosaurs. This not only killed non avian dinosaurs, but flying reptiles, marine reptiles, reef and plankton. By an asteroid hitting the earth, it changed the atmospheric levels. Evidence shows, high levels of iridium that’s a rare metal to earth covered layers of rocks. This support the theory that a large mountain sized rock hit earths’ surface. The results of the asteroid hitting the earth caused a crater on the earth’s surface because of the force of the rock causing the surface to move and create a wave like structures. The impact and the different levels of iridium killed off the dinosaurs because they were able to live with the different atmospheric levels.

The Rosetta/Philae mission was an international space mission sent to study the small icy worlds that are comets. Specifically, the target of interest for this mission was the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The spacecraft was launched in 2004 and arrived at the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko on August 6, 2014. This space mission was unlike any other because this mission marks the first time in spaceflight history that a spacecraft entered orbit around a comet and deployed a lander to the comet’s surface. The lander itself was a great research vessel as it included an array of instruments ranging from spectrometers, to microscopic imaging instruments, radio tomography systems, gas analyzers, drilling equipment, and various surface sound monitors. When the Philae lander was being lowered by the Rosetta craft, it suffered from an unfortunate series of events which culminated in the lander making final touchdown on the opposite side of the crater than where it was supposed to observe. The Rosetta/Philae mission not only set a number of first in space travel, but also increased humanity’s knowledge about comets in many different ways. The mission set history by being the first spacecraft to use solar cell technology as the spacecraft’s main power source, send back images from the surface of a comet, make the first analyzation of the composition of a comet, and have a probe land on a comet to perform surface operations and examinations.

The impact hypothesis which is the asteroid discovered by the physicist luiz Alvarez played a role in causing the cretaceous mass extinction It was supported through evidence these facts are:

Language is the human ability to acquire and use complex system of communication. Where people in the same community, nation, or geographical area speak in the same way. Greece official language for communication is Greek. They made their own language from different area they associated with on a daily bases. Egyptian had their own way of talking to people. Their language was Afro-Asiatic language. This type of language use until the 10th century AD. Then, it was continued to be used as the language of Egyptian Christians, The Copts, and Coptic. Most of all they believe in writing information down, because Egyptians believed that writing was invented by the god Thoth. Egyptian wrote in hieroglyphs, determinatives, and numerals. In 1799, during the Napoleon Bonaparte’s Egyptian campaign, a French soldier found a black basalt slab. The black slab was inscribed with ancient writing near Rosetta. French soldier notice it contained fragments of different passages. Written in their different scripts, known as Greek, Egyptian Hieroglyphics, and Egyptian demotic. This black basalt stone would be called the Rosetta stone.

As of the past decade, Comet Wild-2 has been of particular interests to scientists. In February of 1999, a robotic probe was launched to investigate this comet under the Stardust discovery mission. The primary goal of the Stardust mission was to was to collect dust samples from the coma of comet wild 2 and cosmic dust for analysis in Earth labs and to return as many high-resolution images of the comet coma and nucleus as possible. When the probe returned in January 15, 2006 after its actual encounter with the comet in January 2, 2004 what scientists found is something that is still being researched to this very day. The discovery Stardust mission returned back samples of comet dust that contained glycine, an amino acid that is the

There reasoning for believing that the asteroid hit the earth and killed the dinosaurs is because there was a rock layer of iridium in earth layers about the time the dinosaurs went extinct.They had published their findings of the rock layer in 1981.Then about 10 year later a massive meteor was found in yucatan peninsula the meteor was about 110 miles in diameter and it hit the earth 40,000 miles per hour released 2 million times more energy than the most powerful nuclear bomb ever

The K-T event, or the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction event, is the name given for the vanishing of the dinosaurs and different species that took place about 65 million year back. For ages, scientists believed that this event was caused due to the atmospheric and topographical changes that invaded on the dinosaurs’ food supply. But, in the 1980s, researchers Luis and Walter Alvarez discovered a layer of iridium on the earth’s surface. It suggests that a comet, space rock or meteor effect might have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. In the 1990s, researchers found the enormous Chicxulub Crater at the tip of Mexico’s Yucantan Peninsula, which dates to the period being referred [1].

The deep-sea vent theory suggests that life began at these underwater volcanoes spewing key hydrogen-rich molecules. Wachtershauser, an honorary professor of evolutionary biochemistry at the University of Regensburg in Germany proposed that early Earth oceans and intensive volcanic activities is the perfect environment for the origin of life. Hydrogen sulfide is the food source for bacteria and instrumental in the “prebiotic” build-up of peptides. Protein molecules that is vital to biological functions are made up of hundreds of amino acids. Shorter amino acid chains are called peptides. The Miller-Urey experiment generates electric sparks in a mixture of gases thought to resemble early Earth’s atmosphere successfully