“A rumor is a kind of hypothesis, a speculation that helps people make sense of a chaotic reality or gives them a small sense of control in a threatening world” (qtd. in Goleman 487). December 1941, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, a rumor went viral that Roosevelt and Churchill had plotted the invasion as an alibi for U.S. entry into World War II. The rumor was driven by anxiety and fear due to the immediate consequence of a national disaster. Robert Knapp, Daniel Goleman, and Nicholas DiFonzo would suggest that this rumor spread primarily for an emotional reason. Knapp explained that rumors strike as more believable when it has a good amount of details and when it’s in print. A good example for this would be October 1969, Fred LaBour heated up a rumor in the Michigan Daily that the remarkable Paul McCartney was dead. He stated that McCarthy was in an automobile accident in the year of 1966. LaBour went on to inform readers in detail that the accident had been covered up and the musician had been replaced with a look-alike. He claimed that The Beatles left mysterious clues in particular songs if a listener played the songs backwards, such as the outro of “I Am the Walrus,” emanated a chilling chorus of “Ha ha! Paul is dead” (Glenn 502). The rumor not only shocked students at the campus but shook up fans of McCartney all of the world. Digging deeper into this rumor, in Knapp’s “A Psychology of Rumor,” Knapp classifies rumors into three different sections: Pipe-dream or
The next example he uses is of how Obama chose to combat the rumors that he faced during the election with a website. He explained this in the article by saying,“Buffeted by rumors about his religion, his upbringing, and controversial statements made by his wife, Obama launched Fight the Smears, a website that lists every well-traveled false rumor about the candidate, alongside rebuttals and explanations for how the rumors arose” (512-513). Lasly he also uses an example of a rumor from Sarah Palin. He writes,”With rumors circulating in the blogosphere that Sarah Palin's youngest baby might actually have
Infamy: Pearl Harbor and its Aftermath was written by John Toland, an American author and historian. He was a graduate of Williams College in Massachusetts and attended Yale School of Drama, with his primary goal of becoming a playwright. Some of his most famous books were written about the World War II Era. He won a Pulitzer Prize for his book The Rising Sun, focusing on the history of Japan during WWII from the Japanese point of view, rather than the American side. He also wrote Adolph Hitler: A Definitive Biography and Battle: The Story of the Bulge. Many of his books focused on the military, so he was quite qualified to write this book.
It all started the morning of December 7, 1941 when Japanese leaders decided to bomb the United States. Families were then broke apart and things became much more complex in the lives of Americans. Pearl Harbor was not “just a bombing,” but in reality it is so much more. This bombing had a great impact on the whole world for World War II. The bombing of Pearl Harbor had many situations before the bombing, during the bombing, and after the bombing.
Introduction. I chose this battle because I had been hearing about the attack on Pearl Harbor, but I did not know much about it. This paper talks about the countries that fought in this battle, where the battle was fought, what the geography was like during the battle, what the weather was like, what happened during this battle, how many casualties occurred, other things I learned about the battle, who won the battle, and how the battle was important to WWII.
December 7, 1941: Attacks on Pearl Harbor: Around November 25, the US intercepted a message of an imminent attack on US soil. In addition, Japan started to move its navy towards Hawaii. Washington’s response to this was a warning to Hawaii, indicating the anticipated attack. However, on December 7, 1941, a fleet on Japanese bombers approached Pearl Harbor with the intent to bomb the navy port. US navy ships were left defenseless as the Japanese torpedoes starting to sink them. Within two hours, US lost eight battleships, two cruisers, and more than a hundred planes. About two thousand soldiers died and one thousand were injured. As a result of this attack, President Roosevelt addressed the Congress, asking for the declaration of war. On
Gowrie, Iowa native, Orval Hasty needed money to attend college, so he joined the marines in 1940, he ended up earning this money after the war. He got assigned at Ford Island to guard In February 1941. Around the 450 acre island there were other vessels and battleships. Orval said, "It was good duty. The climate was nice, we weren 't overworked and it was fun," with regard to the Naval Air Station Ford Island. When not at work Orval attended flying lessons, visited shows, and hung out at beaches. Sleeping in on Sunday mornings was normal for Marines and Sailors not on duty. Orval got up early asking his parents about his driver’s license through the mail. Orval didn’t know what was about to happen. No one knew. Before dawn 183 Japanese bomber planes, torpedo planes and fighter planes took flight on their way to Pearl Harbor. Wave two came later.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered his war speech and asserted December 7, 1941 as, “a date which will live in infamy.” The United States’ naval bases stationed in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii were struck by Japanese planes intentionally and promptly. The news of this attack on the Pearl Harbor shocked the world. It was devastating to the nation that were still in the throes of depression. Witnesses of this event painted a portrait of a nation stunned, but determined to rise again. The United States’ government had not disclosed a Pearl Harbor story to the public--that the U.S. had failed to act on advance information about a planned Japanese attack. Japan 's move against the United States was audacious enough to be considered no more than a slight possibility, although the potential for an attack had been widely discussed.
FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT KNEW ABOUT AND LET PEARL HARBOR HAPPEN IN ORDER TO GET AMERICA INVOLVED IN WW2
However, if the news is based just on rumors, what would it be? It would turn out fake news. The recent memorable incident relating to the fake news would be during the 2016 US presidential campaign. In “The Journal of Economic Perspectives,” Enrico Moretti and Gordon Hanson state that fake news had some influence over the election result that Trump became the US president (Moretti and Hanson. 235). They also mention that they discover 41 articles which support Clinton or are against Trump and 115 articles which support Trump and are against Clinton (Moretti and Hanson. 225). These pro-Clinton articles were shared on Facebook 7.6 million times and these pro-Trump articles were shared 30.3 million times (Moretti and Hanson. 225). What makes surprising about this fact is those articles later turned out to be fake news. Before the news about Clinton’s scandals was leaked, there were much less of people who would vote for Trump and much less of fake news criticizing her. Nonetheless, her scandals came out, those fake news based on rumors increased the number. People read them out of their curiosity and shared them in a second.
The bombings of American battleships at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii by the Japanese in 1941 led the United States into multiple wars that were underway in Asia and then later in Europe for almost a decade. In 1931 the Imperial Army of Japan started a program of expansion and conquest that eventually reached from the far north of China down to the tropical jungles of Indochina. The United States were always against the aggressiveness of Japan’s military. A couple years later in 1933, Adolf Hitler gained dictatorial power in Germany and was determined to rebuild his country. He decided that this would require the elimination of the Jews, to which he referred to as “parasites”, of the nation. He also decided to put any “inferior human materials”,
The past 120 years have brought many changes, as well as surprises, to the United States of America. There have been inventions such as the automobile, the airplane, the television and even travel in space. There have been changes like the World Wars, Prohibition, the Great Depression and the cold war. Through the years, the American people have encountered joy, peace, and tragedy. One of the greatest tragedies experienced by Americans occurred on Sunday, December 7, 1941, the bombing of Pearl Harbor Naval Base. One could consider this incident the first act of terrorism against America. The attack and defeat of the United States at Pearl Harbor forced America into World War II. This single act left a tremendous impact on society and is
According to the book The Pearl Harbor Myth: Rethinking the Unthinkable, the author says the President Roosevelt surprised his advisers twelve days before the attack, by saying the war on Japan was about to begin. So, if Roosevelt knew, why didn’t keep the caution in military bases or the whole country. It was also said that Henry Stimson the secretary of war, noted on his diary that President Roosevelt asked what should they do. The question was should maneuver them into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger for ourselves. Many generations of scholars always disregard Stimson diary and accuse him of writing too fast, or writing about what he believed. Stimson also wrote that by long traditions, our presidents are not seen
“George W. Allport and Leo Postman, constructed experiments on how the content of rumors changes as the rumor passes from person to person. They concluded that as a rumor travels, it tends to grow shorter, more concise and more easily told: In subsequent versions [of rumor] more and more original details are leveled out, fewer words are used and fewer items are mentioned… As the leveling of detail proceeds, the remaining details are necessarily sharpened.” (Doorley and Gracia 398)
Breaking news; last week on December 7 1941, the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbour, Hawaii. Japan attacked as a preventative, so the U.S pacific fleet couldn’t interfere in the world war that is currently happening. As you probably know Pearl Harbor is located on island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. The japanese attack by dropping bombs out of ships and planes. The Japanese were very prepared and used the element of surprise, so they could attack Pearl Harbor. We have figured out what happened on the day of December 7th, so here is a brief timeline; at 6am the first wave of fighters left Japan, then at 7:33 the Americans got a message from Japan, they decoded the message and decided they wanted to fight. Hawaii didn’t get the message
“I guess rumors are more exciting than the truth.”-Venus Williams. People spread rumors because they feel that it will interest them more than the truth. In some ways, creating rumors can give people a reason to for them to believe that something is more flared than what the actual truth is. In other words, this means that people elaborate and stretch the actual truth in a situation, rather than believing the astounding truth. Often times, this helps people compress the unknown, and fill in the gaps to the clues that don’t make sense. Not understanding the unknown is hard, and leads to people jumping to conclusions when they don't even know exactly what happened. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, rumors spread throughout the town creating stereotypes and changing many people’s once honorable reputation and unfairly forcing them to alter their way of life forever.