The Schmalkaldic League : An Alliance Of Lutheran Princes And Cities Essay

The Crusades of the High Middle Ages (a.d. 1050-1300) was a period of conquest or rather, reconquest, of Christian lands taken from Muslims in the early Middle Ages. It is an era romanticized by fervent Christians as the time when Christianity secured its honorable status as the true religion of the world. The affect of the Crusades is still with us today. It sailed from Spain and Portugal to the Americas in the fifthteenth century aboard sailing ships carrying conquistadors who sought new territory and rich resources. They used the shield and sword of Christianity to justify a swift conquest of mass territory and the subjugation of the indigenous peoples; a mentality learned, indeed,

Protestant ideals also contributed a major role in causing the peasants’ revolts. Leonhard von Eck, the Chancellor Bavaria, understood the key function of Protestant ideas when he reported to Duke Ludwig of Bavaria that “this rebellion has been undertaken to repress the princes and the nobility and has its ultimate source in Lutheran teaching for the peasants relate a majority of their demands to the Word of God, the Gospel, and brotherly love.”(Doc 1). Von Eck has deciphered that the peasants’ drive to reform is based from the Lutheran religion, which stresses the devotion God’s Law and divine grace. Although Von Eck is a superior government official who has a duty in upholding order and stability, his assessment is insightful (Pov 4). Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers had proclaimed the spiritual freedoms of Christians from the Catholic Church. Peasants’ leaders such as

The difference between a political and a church official was small to none, even when it came to the pope. They were both treated and viewed the same. Through the use of the commoners money, the self-glorification of the princes, bishops, and priests was seen (Document 1). And many people had no faith in the government at all but rather the Bible itself (Document 8). This political confusion led to riots and several deaths. In Document 6, Luthe says that the religious transformation must first occur within the peasants themselves, before any other course of action is acted upon. This shows his disapproval of the peasants’ course of action towards the princes. The Reformation also contributed to patriotic feelings throughout Germany. All in all the Reformation influences political aspects.

Explain the methods used by the Athenians to transform the Delian League into the Athenian Empire. (25 marks) There is certainty no evidence to suggest that the Athenians had any long-term plans, in the years 479-470 BC, to change the Delian League into an empire, although from the beginning the potential to develop into an imperial power were there. Because from the beginning, Athens had considerable power as she was the permanent hegemon.The most important aspects involving the transformation of League into empire was the changing relationships between Athens and her allies, Periclesʼ imperial policy, Athensʼ selfish self interest in gaining more power by using the Leagueʼs power and establishing laws onto her allies such as the Coinage

Before the war, the Holy Roman Empire already began to have its struggles. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg was recognized. It stated that the individual prince of the Holy Roman Empire could determine the religion of his subjects. The Peace of Augsburg was unraveling as some converted bishops had not

More specifically, a special decree was included in the Imperial Diet of Speyer in response to the rebellion (Document 7).  This decree ordered an examination of the revolt so that it could be prevented in the future.  Also, the decree included allowing those who “surrendered unconditionally” to return back to their estates despite their violent actions.  On the other hand, Martin Luther took a very different approach in his criticisms in Document 5.  He states that the peasants are acting like “raging dogs” in their violent revolts.  Also, he condemns their use of God was a motivation since instead they are merely trying to get others to join their devilish ways. Martin Luther, as the creator of Lutheranism, is an extremely credible source of criticism for the use of the will of God to inspire and justify the revolts since he is the actual creator of the religion the peasants now follow. At the same time, the German princes also reacted to the revolt by going to the aid of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire.  He used his armies to assist the princes in shutting down the

The massive disturbance that the Reformation caused had an enduring impact on European politics. After the Catholic Church considered Martin Luther a “protestant,” Europe became divided along confessional and territorial lines. The religious chaos of the period led to warfare within most states and between many. This warfare, especially the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648), destroyed Europe. For example, the Lutherans and the Holy Roman Empire ended a war in 1555 with a stalemate to sign the peace of Augsburg. The most crucial part of this treaty was “cuius regio eius religio,” which mean’t whatever political entity controlled an area had the right to decide what religion that area would follow. The Peace of Augsburg was only intended to be temporary, but it caused many unintended issues such as the split of Germany until its unification in the 1860s.

In the mid-sixteenth century, religious reformation was a frontrunner in the Germanic states with Luther and his 95 theses, along with the Diet of Worms. All of this reformation and change sparked a peasantry uprising against the German aristocracy, including the land-owning nobility and the German Princes. The tension between the oppressed peasants and powerful Germanic aristocracy created a lower class backlash that caused aggressive Aristocratic response, tabulating another blow for the peasantry and their newfound Lutheran ideals.

There was animosity between the two major religions and internal Protestant religions. The Thirty Years’ War was mainly fought between the Protestants and the Catholics. Following the Protestant Reformation and the counter-reformation, both sides were annoyed with tolerating the other. The Protestants insisted on their rights while the Jesuits fought to take back control of Protestant lands, such as the Calvinist Palatinate. However, there were also internal conflicts within the Protestant religions. The Calvinists and Lutherans were in constant struggle because the Calvinists wanted to be recognized as a religion. The Peace of Augsburg refused to recognize Calvinism, but recognized Lutheranism. As a result, the Lutherans felt threatened by the Calvinists because the Calvinists wanted to become the main Protestant

For my primary source, I decided to choose a letter found in Narrative of the Anabaptist Madness: The Overthrow of Munster, the Famous, Metropolis of Westphalia by Hermann von Kerssenbrock. Although this was a letter in a book written by Herman von Kerssenbrock, it was actually written by Bernard Rothman; a radical preacher that strained the boundaries of what religious reformed looked like at that time. Rothman was born in Swabisch Hall around 1495 in southwestern Germany. A furrier by trade, Rothman often travelled to different parts Livonia around the Baltic Sea. In the places that Rothman would stop for business, he would also begin to preach radical ideas about need for church reform and Anabaptism in general. Putting a more controversial spin on the teachings of Luther, Rothman would sometimes cause riots in the towns that he stayed in, and because of this, he was often banned from the places he traveled. Eventually, Rothman gained an officially role of preacher in Stockholm in 1527, but he was soon expelled from their as well for his radical preaching. Relocating to and being expelled from places such as Lubek, Denmark, Wittenberg, and East Frisia, Rothman reached out to Luther to receive a letter of commendation. Luther refused to supply Rothman with this based on the fact that he did not agree with Rothman’s preaching iconoclasm, his allegorical interpretation of the Eucharist, and, most prominently his apocalyptic

The German Peasants’ War of 1525 has been seen as both the last great medieval peasant revolt and as the first modern revolution. For more than 150 years the War has been the topic of ongoing historical debate. Indeed, it has always been a subject of contention among historians who seek to determine its relation to the Reformation. While most Reformation scholars have arrived at a consensus as to the series of events that transpired during the war, there has not been such agreement regarding the perplexing inner dynamic of the uprising. Set against the backdrops of both the German revolutions of 1848 and the political developments that characterized 1970s Germany, this debate has seen engagement from the historians Friedrich Engels and Max Steinmetz, who provide a Marxist interpretation that attempts to depict the war as the “high point of the early bourgeois revolution”, locating it within a German revolutionary tradition by citing the socioeconomic tensions that arose through the peasants’ oppressive relationship with the feudal lordship of their rural communities. Departing from the Marxist interpretation, Günther Franz has entered into the debate, defining the revolt as a “political revolution of the German peasant estate” that was made possible by the Reformation. Although he acknowledges the troubling nature of the evident economic difficulties, Franz understands the war as a response to the changing political structure of 16th century Germany. Submitting his own

Shaakira Gadiwan Mr. Dingman Social 10preIB May 31, 2018 How can the economic motives of the Crusaders participating in the First Crusade be justified in terms of the feudal hierarchy in place at that time? The first and most successful crusade in 1095 is a controversial historical event that has fuelled numerous debates over the centuries, being subject to a surprising variety of interpretations.

Towards the end of the 12th century, most of the Crusader states had fallen into Muslim hands. There were many factors that contributed to this loss, such as the inefficiency of the rulers, and the loss of both castles and the military orders. However, despite the Crusader states being overall unstable over the years 1152-87, there was much more stability in the first 22 years until 1174 which gradually decreases over the next 13 years. There was more stability for the Crusader states in the years 1152-74; this was due to the good leadership of the kings that governed the states. Baldwin III (1152-63) and Almaric I (1163-74), were both powerful kings of Jerusalem and used their good leadership to keep the states stable.

The Church was slow to respond to the threat of Luther and other reformers and so the council of Trent , tried to fix the problems that had triggered the Reformation .“The gathering at Trent found a balanced solution , since it decided to discuss alternately one theological issue and one reform issue.”This lead to the state and the church becoming more organised and systematic , the clergy was better trained and so there was better religious teachings and instructions. The catholic church after the counter- reformation put in more effort because of the protestant threat and so became more spiritual and more educated . The consequences of the reformation and the counter- reformation let to long lasting political and religious wars and rebellions . The thirty year war ( 1618-1648) was one of them . The war was Catholics against protestants and France against the Habsburg's . The Thirty year war was one of the wort conflicts Europe had experienced till then

On 25 March 2017, the European Union will celebrate the 60th anniversary of its existence. Nevertheless, the European Council and the presidents of the twenty seven member states are aware that it is not a perfect union.