The Second Polish Republic

In the 17th century, the Dutch Republic experienced a Golden Age and was able to maintain security, unity, and prosperity in its society and economy. The nation was considered a leading power, especially in trade and ideas, within Europe. However, it was not long before circumstances changed and the state face many problems establishing peace and agreement. By the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th centuries, there had been a significant change in the Dutch Republic’s power, for multiple factors and reasons. From 1650 to 1713, not only external factors such as European intervention and British trading competition, but also internal division damaged the Dutch Republic and challenged its authority as a

The Soviet troops arrived in Mir, where Jack`s parents lived, and took control a few days after the invasion. The troops seemed friendly. The Russians chose not to acknowledge the “Jewish problem.” The Russian occupation was not too bad, especially when compared to the German occupation. In June 1941, Germany invaded the eastern part of Poland. They turned on their Russian allies who were caught by surprise by the Nazi Blitzkrieg and did not put up much of a fight. At the beginning of their occupation, the Nazi`s were secretive about their plans and actions. Then, “about two months after the initial occupation, the action against the Jews were intensified (page 40, Jack and Rochelle).” The Jews were instructed to give up all valuables and then pack. The Jews were headed for the ghetto, which “was located in the worst part of town (page 40, Jack and Rochelle).”

A city in southern poland that was turned into the largest concentration camp of world war 2

Russia and Germany's Non-Aggression Pact led to Russian control of half of Poland. When WWII ended, Russia was still in control of Poland, and communism spread throughout Europe.

Prior to the onset of WWII, conditions throughout occupied Poland & Belarus varied greatly. In some areas, especially in eastern Poland, which the Soviet Union invaded in 1939, and subsequently "formally" annexed, the situation was particularly volatile.1

In the international community, a country’s domestic policies may often interfere with that of the community’s wishes. Throughout the Cold War, there was often tension between a country’s autonomy and the wishes of a particular sphere of influence or international body. Despite the great assistance in the attainment of human rights and attempts at peace, often greater conflict occurred due to this interference in each country’s domestic policies rather than serving their original purpose. Although international influence and control promotes singular agreements and policies, countries should be allowed to remain completely autonomous within their domestic policies in order to maintain peace, encourage diverse policy, and allow for independence internationally.

Although many people viewed World War I as a war that consisted of “bloody, pointless warfare,” the Polish people - in Europe and in the United States - viewed the Great War as an opportunity to finally liberate their Old Country. At the start of the First World War, “the old Polish Commonwealth” had been under Russian, Prussian, and Austrian partitions for more than one hundred years. Under the control of these powers, the Polish country vanished off of the European map and the Polish people were greatly mistreated. The country of the Polish people only existed in their imaginations, as “a political fantasy of the past.” Fortunately, the dream of liberating Poland became something that the Poles greatly strived for during the Great War. The Polish immigrants in the United States, especially those in Chicago, did everything they could in order to help the Polish cause.

The Einsatzgruppen operated in territories occupied by the German armed forces following the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and Operation Barbarossa in June 1941. With the assistance of the Wehrmacht another group like Einsatzgruppen.

When Mieszko I married the princess Dobrawa in 965, he tied Poland’s government to another, stronger one and created the Polish - Bohemian alliance. Dobrawa, the daughter of Boleslav I the Cruel, was not only Czech, but also a strong believing Christian. A move like this would have been very positive in both the aspects of religion, as well as politics. *** It is important to realize that the spurs between the pagan religions and the Christians were becoming already tense. This is additionally and especially true when it comes to the German people at the time. Borders were becoming too mixed and fights for power began to break out. Poland, being relatively weak, had to do something to save itself from being conquered. And taken over by the

of thousands were soon being deported to the Polish ghettoes and German-occupied cities in the

(Kettenacker L) Further, the West has given his consent to have consequences withdrawal of Germans from Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The brutal expulsion in time to about millions Germans were in stark contrast to Western reservations about the "humane" the implementation of this step. So they paid for the guilt of the Germans, and for the transfer of Poland's western border as a result of the Soviet occupation of eastern Poland and Konigsberg (Kettenacker L,1997) Decision was taken only about saving four occupation zones in the form of economic and political units. Meanwhile, each occupying power had to meet the requirements at the beginning of the reparations due to their occupation zone.

Germany's intrusion of Poland came rapidly and with overpowering power. The assault started on September 1, 1939, with overwhelming air strikes took after by a quickly propelling ground attack. Hitler alluded to the methodology as raid, or "lightning war." The quick assault's object system was to stun the rival so extremely that there would be little resistance, permitting the nation to be invaded rapidly, with insignificant German misfortunes.

The region of East Prussia (Kalingrad Oblast) was taken by Russia from Germany, and was previously owned by Germany for over 700 years. Considering the history of the area and homes of millions taken and robbed, the state of East Prussia should be returned to Germany. In addition, the remnants of the local citizens and relatives of victims should be compensated for their hardships and gained the right to return home. Near the end of World War II nearly 2 million civilians evacuated East Prussia, Because of the imminent Soviet invasion. Following the Second World War Germany was undergoing judgment by the allies and the victors of Europe. At the Potsdam meeting, they unanimously agreed that the ultimate root of German aggression and militarism was Prussia and following this meeting set out to abolish it. Millions of people were evacuated from the area and thousands were killed and raped. Today 1 million descendants of people kick out from the area wait to return home. Many people feel cheated and the Soviet Union expelled all non-Russians from the region and re-settled their own people in the territory. By the time the Soviet Union fell, very few of the original ethnic Germans, Poles, and Lithuanians remained. Today East Prussia is known as Kaliningrad Oblast and is a federated state of the Russian Federation, completely cut off from the rest of Russia. Today 86.4% of the population of Kaliningrad Oblast is Russian, 3.7% are Ukrainian, 3.6% are Belarusian, 1.1% is

When compared, Nazism and Stalinism are most often debated in terms of totalitarian regimes. Further comparisons can be made however, when looking at how both regimes were able to ascend to totalitarian status and how the aims of Stalinism and Nazism compare. Both Germany and Russia possessed imperialistic ambitions that spilled over into Central and Eastern European countries. Both Nazism and Stalinism sought to build utopic societies by implementing a final and permanent revolution. People that did not fit into to the utopic image created by Stalin and Hitler would be forcibly removed from each society by the use of violence and terroristic tactics. As Nazism and Stalinism rose to power, they implemented a system of inclusion and exclusion by creating an image that all nationals should aspire to. Poland was a victim of both regimes’ attempts at utopia and was nearly completely lost to the annals of history.

Poland is a European country which has fostered strategic and commercial cooperation with the United States. Because of its strategic location, being close to Europe and also providing market to the east and of its own population growth and stable environment, Poland holds a lot of opportunities for growth .It is being evident with a lot of growth and investment in Poland by US and other Asian companies since the late 1980s(source: pg 5). However, Polish still lag behind on marketing skills, and there are a lot of growth opportunities in sales. So it is important for Polish and it is also an opportunity for our company to teach Polish about marketing and for us to grow together with Polish people.