Essay on The Second Worldwide Killer: Cancer

Targeted therapy, which first became available in the late 1990s, has had a significant impact on the treatment of cancer. Currently, because of advancement in the field of technology, various types of therapies are discovered to treat cancer. In this essay, targeted therapy is defined as a therapy in which various drugs or other substances are used to recognize and kill the cancerous cells without harming the normal cell (National cancer institute, 2014). Effectiveness refers to the degree in

8. After surgery, R.T. is admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) with a large

Some of traditional drugs may be effective in patients whose cancers have a specific molecular target, and not for other patients. To solve this problem of patient-specificity, pharmaceutical research have seen the expansion of individually tailored cancer treatment, which is an application of targeted therapy, and this is where biopharmaceuticals are. As an increasing part of the population is diagnosed with cancer and as these patients live longer, increasing care will be given to patients who have received these drugs. Moreover, in the case of cancer therapy, those drugs and especially with mABs are a promise of less side effects : recombinant DNA technology makes it possible to genetically engineer an antibody to reduce the risk of host immune response.

Many doctors, physicians, researchers and biotech companies--including the revolutionary Seattle Genetics research facility--are now turning to antibody-assisted cancer treatments and precisely targeted cures instead of treating cancer with a cocktail of chemicals and radiation that generate risky side effects and damage the healthy tissue that patients need to recover. Cancers are among the most frightening and difficult-to-treat illnesses. Ranked as the leading cause of death and disability, cancer is actually an umbrella term that covers many different diseases. Each person faces a unique disease because cancers interact with the body's existing cells, so each case has a

Cancer is the second most prominent cause of death in the United States. In the year 2016, it is predicted that 595,690 Americans will die from this disease.12 Caner is defined as an uncontrollable division of cells in the body that spreads into surrounding tissue. This rapid division of cells can occur almost anywhere in the human body. The cancer treatments currently available in modern medicine include a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Recently scientists have discovered that there could be another way to battle this epidemic. There proves to be a strong correlation between this rapid cell division that is seen in cancer patients with the metabolism of glucose. Glucose provides the energy needed for these cells to continue to rapidly divide and develop new cells. This could mean that nutrition may be a very valuable weapon in the war against cancer. 5 A high fat, low carbohydrate diet, also known as a ketogenic diet, has been successful in the clinical world for patients with uncontrollable seizures, but it may now pose as a viable resource to assist in cancer recovery. By restricting carbohydrates through diet, thus starving the cancer cell of glucose, we may be able to slow or terminate the spread of these cancer cells. The objective of this paper will be to give a better insight on how a Ketogenic diet may aid in delaying or terminating cancer.

In the past, most of the cancer drugs were developed to hinder the growth of tumors. The main strategy was so called “targeted therapies, which interfere with genetic signals that act like accelerators, causing tumors to grow.”1 However, because there are too many pathways and signals that can act as an accelerator of the cancer growth, a single drug was usually not enough to suppress the cancer.

Furthermore, research was conducted recently to study the combination of a VV with irinotecan (CPT-11) for cancer treatment by endogenous carboxylesterase (CE) enzymes. Approximately 5% of CPT-11 is converted to more active chemotherapeutic SN-38. The study concluded that both CPT-11 and SN-38 did not interfere with VV spread or replication. Furthermore, the study showed that the combination of CE-virus and CPT-11 resulted in the death of more K-562 cancer cells in vitro in comparison to its non-CE counterpart and CPT-11 [20].

Cancer unlike other illnesses is very unique in the fact we have to accept a certain level of toxicity well above that of any other group of pharmacologic agents. It is the toxicity of these agents which is the single most important factor preventing their use in doses that could often be curative. Ultimately the utility of most chemotherapy drugs depends on their therapeutic-to-toxic ratio, comparing the good and bad effects (Alwood et al, 1997). Other variables include the severity, predictability and reversibility of side effects. Although we are learning a lot more about the predictive side effects of many individual cancer drugs, most cancer patients require multi-drug therapies. Cancer patients often have chemotherapy regimens consisting of three or four different compounds along with other supportive therapy.

Therefore, dose and duration of treatment is limited, which in turn limits the amount of normal and tumor cell death. A second mechanism is the suppression of cancer cells for variable periods of time without cell death. This mechanism is referred to as remission. Unfortunately, the cancer can return at any time, and it is sometimes stronger. Here another limitation is introduced. Some tumor cells can develop resistance to a particular chemical agent, or several chemical agents, limiting the types of chemotherapeutic agents available for effective use. The last mechanism is cell differentiation, which helps the immune system learn to recognize and fight tumor cells (1).

Cancer is the most terrible and dangerous diseases. In case of this disease, there is abnormal cell growth. The cells also spread or invade the other parts of the body. When a person is diagnosed with cancer, he/she is given several different treatment options. These options are determined by personal requirements, the type of the cancer, the age of the person, the stage of the cancer’s development and the person’s general health condition.

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and the first in many developing countries. One in three women and one in two men in the United States will develop cancer in his or her lifetime. The burden of cancer continues to increase annually, mainly due to the aging and growth of the general population alongside a widespread display of cancer-causing behaviors, including physical inactivity and smoking. Approximately 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimated to have occurred globally. Current cancer treatments are useful, but many times ineffective or unreliable. While the goal of the treatment is to “fix” the cancer, many survivors, even among those who are considered cancer free, must cope with the long-term effects of treatment; psychological concerns, such as fear of recurrence or trauma from the past experience are also prevalent. A higher risk of developing heart-related problems are most often due to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, especially if certain drugs such as doxorubicin or cyclophosphamide are used; swelling of the heart muscle, heart disease, and congestive heart failure are only some of the side effects that occur in patients. Different cancer treatments may also damage the lungs and expose patients to inflammation and thickening of the lungs. The number of negative clinical outcomes emphasizes an urgent need for the development of better therapeutic methods to treat the disease. As a result, it is increasingly

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death today. There are a variety of different treatments for cancer such as surgical removal, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation. Chemotherapy is the most common approach it kills the cancer cells by drug toxicity or preventing cell division (Jabir et al., 2012). The issue with Chemotherapy is that it is rarely successful. The radiation approach kills cancerous cells, but it also damages the surrounding healthy cells. However, newer techniques are being developed to just attack the cancerous cells. There is a need to find a cancer treatment approach that does not kill the healthy cells along with the cancerous cells. The answer to solving this challenge lies in the successful application of

In today’s biotech marketplace, oncology leads the therapeutic research and commercial space. Cancer tops the charts as one of the leading causes of death in the United States and around the world (antibody-Drug Conjugates). Early stages of cancer treatment often involve surgery and radiation therapy. However, chemotherapy drugs, often a last resort, are leading the market in therapeutics for cancer treatment. Most chemotherapy drugs on the market today do not have the ability to target the cancer specifically; this leads to unwanted toxic effects to non-target organs. Monoclonal antibodies offer another approach to treating cancer by binding to the cancer surface receptors and offer cancer killing abilities without the cytotoxic

In contrast, the PEGylated Au NP – Pc4 conjugates time for maximum drug accumulation to the target tumour was reduced to less than 2 hours (Cheng et al., 2008). This suggests the impact of PEGylated Au NP have on decreasing the time for the therapeutic agent to be localized at the tumour site. See Figure 3 as a visual representation of the process.

Cancer therapy has revolutionized from conventional nonspecific approaches such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy to a specific method, immunotherapy. Clinical data and results illustrate significant increase in demand for strategies to improve the health of cancer patients. improve immunotherapy during the past two decades because of its major advantages compared to conventional therapies [advantages of immunotherapy to conventional]. Immunotherapy works by integrating immune system to fight cancer cells. According to Hanahan (04-page 2) cancer, one of the biggest difficulties of the modern world, is an immunological disease. Cancer immunotherapy is performed either by targeting tumor cells directly or activating immune cells. However, there have been new approaches such as