The Security Of A Power System

Synchronous is an adjective that describes an event that is coordinated in time. Synchronous communications works in a way that both hosts will be communicating consistently to continue that communication. By this I mean, that there should be continuous stream of data flow between both hosts to keep that communication going. An example of this is a phone call, when one host (person) communicates with another host, both hosts will have an active connection between them during Synchronous communication. The first host can send a packet of data (talk) while the second host will receive that data (Listen) simultaneously and then the first host will receive the data while the second host is sending the data simultaneously. This communication is used commonly used in telecommunications such as; phone calls, Skype calls etc. Synchronous communication is used in these cases instead of Asynchronous because these things require both hosts be active at the same time. Synchronous communication is also used for things such as streaming on Netflix which requires both the server and client accessing Netflix to be active. Peer to peer transfer (sending a file directly to a friend over the internet) also requires that both hosts be active, if only one host was active then the file wouldn’t be able to be

The intricate and connect power grid system that is linked and stretched out to over 200,000 of high-tension transmission lines, which supplies the power we depend so heavily upon. What exactly does it take to keep this system working reliably? In a control room On August 14th, 2003 in New Albany, New York the board that monitors the grid throughout New York with bulbs that light up when a transmission line connection had been lost was light up all over. With a system that is almost always reliable what could cause this chaos

Our society today is ever more dependent upon electricity in all aspects of life. Keeping the power infrastructure throughout the United States secure and functioning properly should be considered a high priority for both private sector and government. Lacking properly functioning power caused by an outage has widespread impact not just on common conveniences being unavailable but also on critical areas such as emergency services, transportation, water distribution, communication and food production and storage.

Furthermore , for coherence to reign in а market , substitution principle must apply which states that higher relative price of а commodity tends to discourage buyers from buying it whereas lower relative price has the exact opposite effect on the appetite of the buyer. If the substitution principle is strong enough , then decentralised markets are reliable for efficient allocation of output to households and factor inputs to businesses. This leads us somewhere to the idea of а Pareto optimal equilibrium. “Equilibrium” would not be the right term to use in Minsky’s context as instead of equilibrium , he proposed “periods of tranquility” which are characterised by robust financial systems and innovations much like what preceded the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis. But phases of tranquility are just calm before the storm as tranquility encourages more risk-taking that increases incomes even as it disrupts conditions necessary for “coherency” and “tranquility”. Therefore , according to this theory the market forces that operate in the time of tranquility are what push the system towards instability so that even if an equilibrium is achieved for some time, it’ll set of behavioural responses that will quickly displace the economy from equilibrium. While Minsky credits Keynes for pointing out that the aggregate quantity of investment was self enforcing on the economy through the multiplier effect , he went one step

A power system is always in a state of disturbance that may lead to instability in the system. The consequences of a major power supply interruption can prove to be so disastrous, that every effort must be made to reduce the impact of such a disturbance. The process of determining the steadiness of the power system following any upset is known as security assessment. In particular, MW security assessment is a process to evaluate the security of the power system following a disturbance. It is done considering the loading conditions in respect of MW power flow on the lines. Each line has a capacity to carry MW power up to transmission line design limits beyond which the lines may trip due to overloading. In this paper MW security assessment has

Present power system is in need of a high level of redundancy and reliable protection devices along with the periodic maintenance to keep the system healthy. In these circumstances, there is a need for an efficient protection

G. C. Goodwin, S. F. Graebe, and M. E. Salgado, Control system design. United States: Pearson Education (US), 2000.

In the synchronous models, real-time interactions, such as telephone or video-conferencing take place, whereas, in asynchronous

Power system is a large electrical network used for generation, transmission and distribution of electrical power. Electrical

To halt the drop in frequency, it is necessary to intentionally, and automatically disconnect a portion of the load equal to or greater than the generation deficiency in order to achieve balanced power economics while maintaining system stability. Automated load shedding systems are necessary for industrial power systems since sudden disturbances can plunge a system into a hazardous state much faster than an operator can react. These automated schemes must be designed and implemented to possess in-depth knowledge of system operating parameters and must rely on time sensitive

Through the implementation of peak load leveling utilities can offer better stability regulation services for voltage and frequency, and sudden demands for power can also be met much easier. Via a simple frequency measurement, dynamic load leveling can be provided and determine local demand. This would result in less natural gas or coal-fired power plants being required to meet peak demand or as a back up to protect against unexpected blackouts.

This chapter proposes a hybrid stability assessment method, i.e., combine both time-domain and direct methods, for detection, classification and assessment of the transient and small signal dynamic stability. The proposed energy function in chapter 3 is used to calculate the system energy. Then, the overall system energy is compared to the sum of the critical energies of the critical series components which can be determined using the proposed time-to-instability index. The HVDC system impact on the system stability assessment technique is also discussed. A termination criterion for stable cases is proposed to expand the proposed method capability to the dynamic security

Abstract— The wind energy is the fastest growing renewable energy resource. The increasing wind power generation requires a careful evaluation of the transient stability of the grid. The impact of wind power penetration on the transient stability of a standard IEEE 14 bus system studied. Transient stability under three phase fault is investigated via simulation using PSAT on a MATLAB platform. Some part of the conventional generation of the standard system is replaced with DFIG based wind power generation and the system is analyzed for fault at different locations. Study shows that the system becomes vulnerable to instability with the addition of wind power generation.

Reactive power compensation can be in a form of series type. In a power line at rated frequency, series compensation technique uses capacitors to decrease the equivalent reactance. The series capacitor generates reactive power to balance a fraction of line’s transfer reactance and this type of capacitor arrangement results improvement in the power transmission network. It increases the angular stability of the power system, improves the voltage stability of the corridor and also optimizes power sharing between parallel circuits [5]. Series compensation can be also implemented by using voltage or current source devices as shown in Figure A:

The stability of an interconnected power system is the ability of the system to return to its normal or stable condition after having been subjected to some form of disturbance. With the interconnected systems continually increasing in size and extending over whole geographical regions, it is becoming increasingly more difficult to maintain synchronism between various parts of the power system. This paper work presents an advanced adaptive Particle swarm optimization technique to optimize the SVC controller parameters for enhancement of the steady state stability & overcoming the premature convergence & stagnation problems as in basic PSO algorithm & Particle swarm optimization with shrinkage factor & inertia weight approach (PSO-SFIWA). In this paper SMIB system along with PID damped SVC controller is considered for study. The generator speed deviation is used as an auxiliary signal to SVC, to generate the desired damping. This controller improves the dynamic performance of power system by reducing the steady-state error. The controller parameters are optimized using basic PSO, PSO-SFIWA & Advanced Adaptive PSO. Computational results show that Advanced Adaptive based SVC controller is able to find better quality solution as compare to conventional PSO & PSO-SFIWA Techniques.