The Seismic Response Of Multi Storied Building

If you want a house that will withstand particularly intense earthquakes, your home should be built from wood, after the 1940’s. Wood is lightweight and flexible and can absorb some of the seismic shocks earthquakes produce. If a building does collapse, then wood will not crush what is underneath nearly as severely as concrete or mortar will. So, a wood-framed building would be the safest and best option.

The improvement of the skyscraper structures starts from 10 floor stories to high as 150 floor stories high. The Reliance Building Chicago, USA, in 1895, 15 stories high used the semi-rigid steel frame. The semi-rigid steel frame was held together with steel beams and connected by rivets. (Bennett, P.42) The 60 stories high First Wisconsin Center, Milwaukee, USA in 1974 employed the steel belt truss with framed shear truss. This structure used the horizontal trusses at the upper and lower stories to enhance the framed shear truss. (Bennett, P.44) The Sears Tower, Chicago, USA, in 1974, 110 stories high used the Bundled tube. The bundled tubes were made up of a cluster of connected frame tubes, reinforced by steel beams at each story to increase the strength of the structure. Various tubes terminated at different level to further strengthen the bundled tubes at the center. (Bennett, P.44) The future structure was the Superframe, which can reaches at least 150 stories high. It used the concept of the Eiffel Tower with framed tubes connected by horizontal trusses. (Bennett, P.45) It was the innovation of the structural design that enables skyscrapers to reach new height. These methods include the use of

Today, some building codes may require a more rigorous structural design methodology than is associated with conventional construction. This requirement may result from a need for better building performance when the structure is exposed to moderate-to-high wind, seismic, and snow loads. An example of published

The Oral and Dental Hospital of Jenderal Soedirman University was built in 2008. This hospital’s building consists of 4 stories equipped with inpatient rooms, X-ray rooms, and laboratory. It is expected that with a main function as a public facility with a large number of people doing activities within it, the building has a high level of security when an earthquake occurred. The aim of this study is to perform a preliminary seismic hazard assessment, i.e. an evaluation using a Rapid Visual Screening method and a tier 1 evaluation using FEMA 310. The results of the Rapid Visual Screening were a final level 1 score compared with a cut-off score of +2.00. If the final level 1 score were less than or equal to +2.00, the building requires the tier

This study aims to develop life-cycle cost functions (LCCF) for typical reinforced concrete (R/C) buildings located in Mexico City by training an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. The total expected cost includes the initial cost and the cost of the damage caused by possible ground motions at the site of interest. The present value of the cost includes: initial cost, repair or reconstruction cost, cost of damage to the contents, costs associated to the loss of life or injuries and economic losses. The damage index induced by earthquakes is associated to the maximum interstory drifts (MID), and for this purpose the structural performance is evaluated using probabilistic models. The occurrence of earthquakes is assumed to be modeled by a

Due to consolidation with the time, the exiting soil at a construction site may not always be totally suitable for supporting structures. When the time passes they may be inclined, collapsed or cracks can be occurred on walls and slabs. To avoid

In recent decades there has been a discussion with the earthquake risk analysis, raised as SHD (Harmsen and Frankel, 2001; Harmsen et al., 1999; Bazzurro and Cornell, 1999). Determining the relative contribution of the seismic hazard in terms of magnitude and distance is called SHD. The participation rate of seismic sources on the acceleration of the event is assessed by this parameter (for various distances and magnitudes) in order to identify the most effective source which significantly caused the greatest acceleration in the region. In this method, the seismic risk is presented by one or more major earthquakes with magnitude (M) and distance (R) and Earthquake parameters are chosen for engineering purposes by using this pair of M and R. Figures of separated seismic hazard curves are usually presented as vertical columns which each height is proportional to the contribution of each

Nowadays anything can be considered workmanship. The structure of a building, the human body, music on the radio, love, Versaci 's new line of winter, and beautiful transvestites strolling down the road are only a couple of countless cases. That sort of craftsmanship is misrepresented. The greater part of these exist as a result of society. As individuals develop and change so does the qualities and customs that they are acclimated to. Genuine workmanship holds tight the dividers of historical centers everywhere throughout the world. Works of art by Monet, Da Vinci, and Picasso speak to all that can be made lovely by a man 's touch. The word tattoo originates from the Tahitian word tattau, which signifies 'to tap, ' and can be followed back through a piece of history. The specialty of tattoos has been apparent since antiquated Egypt and over 1,500 years prior the Japanese checked hoodlums as an image of disgrace for their discipline (Britannica, 2000). In the nineteenth century tattoos were seen as horrible and abnormal, yet as the twentieth century moved by innovation offered route to the pattern. The electric needle made a feeling of accuracy and control. This is the means by which the different plans created and tattooing turned out to be more about expression, as opposed to marking.

The paper is intended to present some studies undertaken in order to develop a seismic vulnerability estimation system to fit the needs of development of earthquake scenarios and of development of an integrated disaster risk management system for India.

Thin walled structures are an important part of engineering construction with territories of use becoming diverse continuously ranging from girder bridges, oil vessels to industrial warehouses , framed structures. Thin walled sections have various stresses and failure modes which can be difficult to predict. Thus structural engineers need help of computers for analysis of these structures. This has been done by using software called THIN-WALL which estimates the cross-sectional properties of the section according to the Vlasov theory. The method of input data for thin walled structure has been explained in this paper. Also the buckling analysis of the thin walled sections has been done using CUFSM which is based on the finite strip method. This method has been explained in the paper and the results the analysis have been compared with the hand calculations according to the Canadian code s-16. The results have been discussed and on basis of this review conclusions have been presented.

A large number of research studies were made to investigate the contribution of masonry infill in enhancing the global stiffness and strength of reinforced concrete framed structures under seismic actions. The role of infill is ignored most of the time in the modeling due to lack of knowledge about the complex interaction between concrete frames and masonry (THE STATE-OF-THE-ART IN INFILLED FRAMES NUMERICAL MODELS page 1 - introduction) also, due to the heterogeneous properties of the panel resulting from the composite materials (brick and mortar), making it difficult to define the stress strain relationship (The influence of uncertainties of infill panels relative to the seismic response of RC existing buildings page

In some cases, lateral force shapes result to good approximation of demand displacements. Nevertheless, there has not been found any constant loading for exact approximation of local mechanisms and plastic hinges. Earthquake codes have made it mandatory to use a minimum of two lateral load patterns in nonlinear static procedure. These two load patterns are chosen to cover resulting forces in actual dynamic response of the structure. There are two load patterns which are used mostly in usual studies: uniform and modal load pattern. When using uniform load pattern, called also constant acceleration pattern, lateral forces applied to the structure are proportional to the mass of the building stories. This load pattern emphasizes on bottom floors demands more than top floor demands. It also increases the importance of shear in stories against overturning moment while modal load pattern emphasizes overturning moment and story demands. The FEMA356 code allows using comparative load pattern instead of constant load pattern. In this method the load pattern varies by plastic hinges as the displacements in the structure increase.

Poor construction practices in India are believed to be one of the main failure causes. Rising prices in India’s cities results in those less affluent are forced to live is structurally poor accommodation. The main failure cause was due to a central wall and supporting beams being removed thus giving the building insufficient stability.

This chapter introduces the results of the nonlinear static and dynamic analyses for the existing and rehabilitated frames. The importance of accounting for the masonry infill in the analysis is also discussed. In this chapter, a comparative study was done on the performance of structures rehabilitated using different techniques, namely; (1) introducing a RC structural wall, (2) rehabilitating using X-steel bracings, (3) rehabilitating using FRP bracings, and (4) rehabilitating using FRP-confinements. The importance of accounting for the shear degradation in the model of columns and beams is also investigated. The analysis results are drawn in terms of maximum PGA or PGV resisted by the frames, maximum ID ratio capacity, maximum storey shear / Weight ratio, and maximum energy dissipated by the frames.

The individual structures like roof and foundation should be properly braced and anchored with the walls.