The Serial Peripheral Interphase

It is a communication method for bits traveling to the design location between input, memory, processors, and output devices. The bit also represents the physical lines over which the data is sent. The bus helps to reduce the amount of "lanes" required for communication between the components mentioned above. The bus does this by sending all communications over a single data channel. The speed at which the bus transmits data is measured by frequency (hertz) in cycles based upon transmit and receive time per second. The bus is simply a local highway. Data and address are two types of buses. The address bus provides a specific physical address and carries memory addresses needed for the processor to access in order to read or write data. The data bus pass on the required data coming and going to the processor. There is also a control bus that carries orders and synchronize signals from the control unit in route to the other hardware components. In other words, the control does the directing for information flow and identifies in what way data routing should occur through the

So now on to the six steps that make up the communication cycle. The first step of the six is when an idea occurs. This is when the sender of the message has to think about something that they may want to communicate about. For example, if it was in a health and social care setting, for example at a doctor’s surgery the GP will think of how he is able to communicate with his patients and this will make it more efficient for him. The second step of the communication cycle is when the message gets coded. This is when the sender has to consider what they are going to say and how they are going to say it, so if they are going to use

In recent years, the field of biomedical engineering has been growing and gaining significant importance all across the world. Scientists have been striving to find cures to some of the most potent diseases of this modern world and looking to find methods of assisting the many people struggling with various types of disabilities. A newly rising technology in biomedical engineering is the Human Body on a Chip, or Organ on a Chip. The Organ on a Chip is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture chip that stimulates the activities, mechanics and physiological responses of entire organs and organ systems. At first glace these chips don’t look like anything more than very thin pieces of plastic, but when filled with cells from

2: Data Link Layer: It take care of errors in physical layer. The main aim of the data link layer is to controls the flow of frame synchronization and transmission protocol. The data link layer divided in to two types. They are Media Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link Control (LLC).

The fifth layer is the session layer this establishes a connection,this layer makes and sets up the connection using co ordinates and could terminate conversations links. the session layer produces services that make authentication after an interruption and not only that but it can reconnect.and as well as the transporting layer it can also have the TCP and the UDP can provide services for all most all applications.An application layer is an abstraction layer that specifies the shared protocols and interface methods used by hosts in a communications network. The application layer abstraction is used in both of the standard models of computer networking; the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) and the Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model).Although both models use the same term for their respective highest level layer, the detailed definitions and purposes are different.In TCP/IP, the application layer contains the communications protocols and interface methods used in process-to-process communications

• “Data Link -Whenever two or more nodes share the same physical medium (for example, several computers plugged

The OSI (Open System Interconnection) model is a set of specifications that allow computers around the world to openly communicate. It is pivotal to understanding and developing computer to computer communications in a network. Each layer plays a role in the process of sending and receiving data. The application layer is the top layer (layer seven) it promotes communication between programs and lower-layer network services. The services at this layer allow the network to decipher a program's request and the program to decipher data sent from the network. The Application layer protocols, programs handles formatting, procedure, security, synchronization, and any other requirements with the network. The Presentation Layer (layer 6) acts as a translator. For instance these protocols decode the jpg/jpeg files sent within the Web server’s HTTP response. So, in the last step (the Application layer) we enter the Web address and it took us to the Web site. This step allows us to see the images and content of the site. The Session Layer (layer 5) regulates and controls the communication between two nodes on the network. It is an ongoing exchange of data between the two and keeps the connection between them for the duration. It keeps the communication secure, detects whether or not the communication has been cut off and if it has it determines where to restart the

In the seven layers of the OSI, control is passed between layers. The model is theoretical, but tells us how a network takes the data sent from the application all the way down to the physical layer and out, to in the physical layer and back up all the way to the application layer. This Model has nothing to do with the actual functions of the process. Instead it is a concept of the framework, so the complexities of a network can be broken down and understood (Beal, 1999).

c) The memory chip reply with the data from the demanded memory position on the data bus.

From the figure, it can be seen that host1, host3, host 4 sends messages through the times say t1,t2,t3,t4 and the times are increasing.

Controller, Two 10bit ADCs with 14 channels, USB 2.0 Full Speed Device Controller, Two UARTs, Two I2C serial interfaces, Two SPI serial interfaces Two

The host writes a byte of data into the data-out register, and sets the write bit in the command register

In a Half-duplex mode, it can either transmit the data or it can only receive data, but not both at a time. For example, consider the radio channel where one can only receive the data via sound and another example is the walkie talkies are based on these systems.

The RMI system consists of four layers, namely, application layer, stub and skeleton layer, remote reference layer and transport layer. These are the layered architecture being used by Java RMI. The application layer sits on top of the RMI system. A remote method invocation from a client to a remote server travels down through the layers of the RMI system to the client-side transport, then up through the server-side transport to the

The ability to send and receive data efficiently is the most important objective of networking computers.