The Shape Memory Effect And Super Elasticity

Despite criminology theories claiming that they are gender and race neutral we still see disparities in incarceration rates on a racial divide. Why do we see rising rates incarceration rates in Hispanics and African Americans representing over 50% of those rates? Is there a theory out there than can explain this occurrence in the criminal justice system? The intent of this paper is to explain why this disparity occurs using the General Strain Theory. I also intend to explain why Social Disorganization fails in explaining the racial gap in offending. Both of these theories encounter the issue of failing to fully explain why certain racial or ethnic groups are incarcerated more than other, however, due to empirical evidence it’s clear to see

Shape memory alloys (SMA) have attracted much attention in recent years, since they are smart (or intelligent) materials, as well as functional materials, which already exist. These alloys possess the characteristics of the shape memory effect (SME) and super-elasticity (SE) which are caused by the martensitic (or displacive) transformation (MT) and its reverse transformation to the parent austenite phase; we define the characteristic transformation temperatures as follows;

Despite Differential Association being a better predictor for youth crime than the Labelling Theory, the acquisition of new counteracting behaviours can override delinquent behaviours possibly arising from rehabilitating means. Additionally, data that supports Differential Association is often based on self-reports by adolescents and this can often skew results. This is because individuals, especially young people, may not have an accurate judgement of what is classified as deviancy, thus either over or under exaggerating the level of illegal behaviour among their peers (Crosnoe, Dornsbusch and Erickson, 2000). Similarly, unlike The General Strain Theory, this model of youth crime lacks the ability to be tested and to predict whether an individual

Merton presented Strain Theory, or a model within sociology that illustrated the consequences of a social practice or behavioral pattern that undermines the stability of a social structure. Critiquing Parsons, Merton used the concept of goal attainment and integration to build his argument. Goal attainment represents the cultural goals; in most cases this refer a capitalistic perspective. Integration are the institutional means or norms of a society; within time anomie becomes evident. Using these two terms, understanding how people adapt in a given society will give better insight to Merton’s perspective. He claims that there are five possible adaptation responses that are utilized by different people in society. They are conformity, innovation, retreatism, ritualism, and rebellion. He also explains the types of functions that occur in the general public. I will be referring to Merton’s Harvard University dissertation entitled, Social Structure and Anomie.

I thought your break down of strain theory was written well in regards to how you broke the theory down. I thought the theories were a little challenging in regards to what one contributed the most to juvinile dilnequency. People of all classes have strain which derives from our goals and the means to obtain the goal. People do what they can with the resources they have to meet their goal at any cost.

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Thus, as illustrated in Fig. 1d [5, 6], a high │dT/d(fS)1/2│ suggests a slow transverse growth rate for the columnar grains to grow toward each other to bond together and resist cracking. A high │dT/d(fS)1/2│ also suggests that the grains can grow much more slowly in the transverse direction than in the forward direction z, thus forming a long liquid channel along the grain boundary. Because of the viscosity of liquid, a long grain-boundary channel can resist the flow of the intergranular liquid that is needed to quickly feed shrinkage and resist cracking [7]. Furthermore, a long grain-boundary channel can also act as a very sharp notch to help crack propagation. Thus, an alloy with a higher │dT/d(fS)1/2│near (fS)1/2 = 1 can be expected to

Shape memory alloys, optical fibres, piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials currently represent the most suitable options for smart structural applications. Piezoelectric and magnetostrictive materials have both sensing and actuation capabilities.

The need for reduction in weight of heavy vehicles is increasing day after day. Reduction of weight results in reduced fuel consumption which results in a decrease in the emission of greenhouse gas. For reducing the weight, higher strength to weight ratio steels would be required. Not only is a high strength, but the steel also requires to be adequately formable and greater energy absorption capacity. Good formability is essential for designing vehicle components with complex shapes. Dual phase (DP) steels are quite promising material for these purposes. DP steels can already achieve strength in the range of 500-1200 MPa with a total elongation of 15-25 %. Dual phase steels contain more than 1% alloying element among which major alloying elements are C, Si, Mn, and there are some other alloying elements also.

Cu-NiTi or Thermoelastic NiTi (Group III)– thermally activated nickel– titanium has transition temperature close to the level of body temperature(Rohit Sachdeva, 19944). An 0.014 inch(Type III, 35⁰ Cu-NiTi) round wire is used for this study(Fig.3).The martensitic active alloy employs the thermoelastic effect to achieve shape-memory. Copper NiTi generates a more constant force over a long activation span, is more resistant to permanent deformation and exhibit excellent springback characteristics.

This report is to highlight the methods, results and theory relevant during an engineering experiment called “cold rolling of metals". The purpose of this report is to show how readings obtained from the set-out experiment, can be evaluated to determine the behavior of 3 selected materials; Brass, Copper and Aluminium through the process of cold rolling. The form of the materials are in small strips which are processed via cold-rolling method 4 times from their original state to evaluate the effects incurred on hardness values, width, length and thicknesses. Hardness values/vickers numbers are determined for each material using a Vickers hardness tester and the measurements of width, length & thickness taken using a vernier

The wedges that hold the rotor winding in the slots are sometimes also complex in design, but always highly stresses. The wedges must hold the copper winding and its insulation systems in place at high rotational speeds and allow cooling gas to pass through them. This one reason why at the wedges there are higher stresses. The wedges generally have cooling vents machined into them, which reduces their effective strength. High cooling gas temperatures can also affect wedge strength if the temperatures begin to affect the creep life of the material.

The parameters Ftu/w and E1/2/w for a few industrially accessible metal composites are appeared as elements of temperature in Figs. 7 and 8. Additionally progresses in material innovation will have the impact of moving the bends up and to one side. Nonetheless, it is normal that the progressions will be unassuming and won't influence the general patterns that are shown. The sizes of the material weight-proficiency parameters drop quickly as temperature increments. Subsequently, the unprotected hypersonic rocket structures made of fiscally open metal amalgams will be significantaly heavier than the structures of current supersonic rockets

Cauchy elastic materials, also known as simple elastic materials are a type of material in which the stress at each point can only be determined from the state of deformation in which it is currently in with respect to a arbitrary co-ordinate system [1]. The fact that these stresses depend solely on the state of deformation means that these stresses, which cause work, can depend on the path in which the material deforms. This translates to the material being conservative, also known as a hyperplastic material (e.g. rubber).

Materials like wasploy, Cr-Mo-Vo alloys, A-286 alloys were used earlier but they have low yield and fatigue strength at higher temperature. Inorder to compensate these demands Ni based super alloys Udimet-720 and Inconel-718 are used. These alloys offer efficient compromise between performance and economics.